饮用水生物处理中微生物量和活性的测定方法

微生物量和微生物活性是饮用水生物处理工艺设计与运行的重要参数。总结论述了适用于表示饮用水生物处理过程生物膜中微生物数量和活性的几种主要指标的测定方法。     

倒置A2/O污水处理工艺的特点及应用实例

传统A²/O工艺在保证脱氮效果的同时除磷效果往往不佳。在充分分析传统A²/O工艺的基础上，提出了将缺氧池置于厌氧池前面，厌氧池后设置好氧池的分点进水倒置A²/O工艺。某污水厂的现场试验表明，在COD去除能力与常规A²/O工艺相当的情况下，倒置A²/O工艺的脱氮除磷功能明显优于常规A²/O工艺。     

Study of oil-water partitioning of a chemical dispersant using an acute bioassay with marine crustaceans

The toxicity of seawater dispersions of a chemical dispersant to two marine crustaceans was investigated in the presence and absence of various quantities of a non-toxic mineral oil. From the results and a physical-chemical partitioning analysis, a limiting value of the oil-water partition coefficient of the toxic compounds is deduced suggesting that essentially all of the toxic compounds in the dispersant will partition into solution in water following dispersant application to an oil spill. This conclusion simplifies interpretation and prediction of the toxic effects of a dispersed oil spill.The combined bioassay-partitioning procedure may have applications to the study of the toxicity of other complex mixtures such as industrial effluents.     

A/O工艺处理城市生活工业综合污水的耐受性研究

针对目前城市污水处理厂进水水质以生活污水为主转向以难生物处理的工业废水为主的现状,进行了A/O工艺的耐受性试验.结果表明:随着工业废水比例的增加,厌氧、好氧污泥活性都显著下降,厌氧污泥的耐受性较高;随着运行时间的延长,两类污泥的活性逐步得到不同程度的恢复;工业废水比例越高,活性恢复所需时间越长;两类污泥的协同代谢作用保证了出水效果.A/O工艺所能耐受的进水中制药废水、印染废水和生活污水的分配比(体积比)为3∶3∶4.     

A/O脱氮工艺的控制策略和应用性研究

根据A/O脱氮工艺的运行状况和影响因素 ,提出了应用在线传感器连续测定曝气池中DO浓度、氨氮浓度和硝酸氮浓度 ,并据此调节供氧强度、内循环回流量、有机碳源的投加以及硝化区和反硝化区的大小 ,这是保证A/O脱氮工艺良好处理效果的重要控制策略和思想。同时对近年来国外A/O脱氮工艺自动控制的应用及研究进行了简单的回顾。     

Metabolism of the herbicide chlortoluron by human cytochrome P450 3A4

Studies were carried out to investigate the metabolism of herbicide chlortoluron in the microsomal fractions and whole cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing human cytochrome P450 3A4. Both whole cells and microsomal fractions of yeast expressing human cytochrome P450 3A4 exhibited a typical dithionite-reduced, CO-difference absorbance spectrum with maximum absorbance at 448 nm. Chlortoluron produced a type I binding spectrum with cytochrome P450 3A4 with a K_s value of 200 μM. Chlortoluron was metabolised into four metabolites; hydroxylated-N-monodemethylated, hydroxylated ring methylated, N-didemethylated and N-monodemethylated products. Chlortoluron metabolism was absolutely dependent on NADPH and no metabolism was observed in control transformants.     

Determination of 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A in surface waters from the Haihe River in Tianjin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring

The estrogenic pollutants 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 4-nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) were determined in surface water samples from the Haihe River, Tianjin, China. The analytes were extracted and concentrated from 300 ml acidified water samples by liquid–liquid extractions using dichloromethane, derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride, and quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) with selected ion monitoring (SIM). Among the samples collected from 14 sampling sites, only one sample was found to have a relatively high concentration of BPA (8.30 μg l⁻¹) and NP (0.55 μg l⁻¹). The concentrations of OP, NP and BPA in the other samples were in the range of 18.0–20.2, 106–296 and 19.1–106 ng l⁻¹, respectively. Recoveries for OP, NP and BPA in the spiked water samples were all over 80%.     

Co3O4/BiVO4复合阳极活化过一硫酸盐强化光电催化降解双酚A

采用静电纺丝法制备了Co_3O_4/BiVO_4复合薄膜电极,并以之为光阳极,在过一硫酸盐(PMS)辅助作用下开展了光电催化降解双酚A研究.结果表明,PMS在可见光下可显著强化Co_3O_4/BiVO_4复合阳极光电催化降解双酚A,在0.25 V外加偏压以及可见光照射下,当加入2 mmol·L-1PMS时,双酚A在2 h内的降解效率为96%.降解动力学常数为0.471 4 min-1.系统研究了PMS初始浓度、外加偏压对双酚A降解性能的影响.结果发现,双酚A在较低的PMS投加量和较低的外加偏压(0.25 V)下即可有效降解.采用电子自旋共振波谱仪鉴定体系的主要活性自由基为SO·-4和·OH.并进一步通过淬灭实验结果证明空穴、SO·-4和·OH起主要氧化作用.光电反应后的体系中未检测到金属离子溶出,可避免二次污染.     

分段进水两级A/O工艺对白酒废水的强化处理效果

为有效控制白酒废水中高质量浓度NH₄+-N对A/O系统冲击引起的出水水质超标问题,分析比较单级A/O工艺和分段进水两级A/O工艺[进水时间（以min计）分配比为7:3]对白酒废水的处理效果.结果表明:与单级A/O工艺相比,分段进水两级A/O工艺出水中ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（NO₂--N）、ρ（NO₃--N）和ρ（COD_Cr）均显著降低,其平均去除率分别提高了16.9%、43.2%、49.7%和8%.分段进水两级A/O工艺的二次进水能够为短程硝化反硝化的进行提供有效碳源和NH₄+-N等,为NO₂--N和NO₃--N等去除提供了有利条件;同时,它通过促进对系统内碳源的利用以及NO₂--N的去除,进一步降低了出水中ρ（COD_Cr）.此外,分段进水两级A/O工艺通过降低NH₄+-N和NO₂--N等污染物质量浓度,也能有效减弱其对氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌等微生物的抑制作用,为后续好氧阶段含氮污染物的去除奠定基础.但是,分段进水两级A/O工艺对白酒废水中PO₄3-的去除效果有限,这主要是因为第二阶段的NO₂--N存在使反应系统处于缺氧环境,同时在碳源不充足的情况下,导致聚磷微生物释磷不充分,降低了第二好氧段的吸磷动力.研究显示,分段进水两级A/O工艺能够有效强化白酒废水中三态氮和COD_Cr的降解去除.      

粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛对氨氮的吸附行为研究

采用粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛,利用XRD、SEM、热重分析、化学成分分析、阳离子交换容量对4A分子筛进行表征.考察吸附时间、pH、分子筛投加量、氨氮初始浓度、共存阳离子对其吸附性能的影响,研究其对模拟废水中氨氮的吸附效果,并结合准二级动力学方程、吸附等温线研究吸附性能和机理.结果表明,初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、4A分子筛投加量为5 g·L~(-1)、pH值为6~9、吸附时间为80 min时氨氮去除率可达71.34%;随着氨氮初始浓度升高,其去除率降低,吸附容量增加;共存阳离子Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)对NH_4~+有强烈的竞争吸附,Mg~(2+)无明显竞争作用.吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich模型.Langmuir吸附等温线显示最大吸附容量为20 mg·g~(-1).