序批式接触氧化反应器中细菌多样性及其功能

采用分子生物学手段,通过构建16S rDNA基因文库,对新型剩余污泥减量化处理系统——序批式生物砾间接触氧化反应器中细菌多样性进行了系统发育分析,并讨论了多种细菌共存对剩余污泥减量化的贡献.共有72个克隆子用于细菌系统发育分析. 结果表明:填料表面附着细菌与孔隙内细菌由变型菌属、噬纤维菌-屈挠杆菌-拟杆菌组(CFB)、硝化杆菌科、低G+C革兰氏阳性细菌、高G+C革兰氏阳性细菌、疣微菌科和绿菌科等七大类细菌组成. 其中,优势菌群分别是以兼具呼吸/发酵代谢方式的β变形菌纲(分别占生物膜和内泥中克隆子总量的18%和35%)和δ变形菌纲,以及以呼吸/发酵为主要代谢方式的CFB(分别占克隆子总量的24%和23%). 多种细菌对剩余污泥减量化的主要功能可归纳为能量解偶联、共代谢作用、生物溶胞作用和慢性生长种群的影响.      

浅论“以新带老”在技改扩建项目环境影响评价中的运用

以氮肥厂为例，提出对以新带老在环境影响评价中的一些认识，并提供如何在化工类技改扩建项目环境影响评价中开展以新带老的方法和思路。     

河北张家口地区雹灾区划研究

使用雹灾汇报资料,对本区的雹灾受灾频率、重灾频率和成灾面积比的分布做了区划分析。结果显示：受灾频率较大的地区基本与本区的坝头地带、坝上西部及复杂山地配合;较小的地区是海拔最低的洋河谷地。重灾频率和成灾面积比的分布与受灾频率基本相反。分析原因,主要是雹块大小与海拔高度呈反相关以及生长期的差异。     

资源驱动型旅游地中心城市形象研究——以黄山市屯溪区为例

资源驱动型旅游地中心城市是我国普遍存在的一种旅游城市类型，但对这类城市形象的研究相对较少。以黄山市屯溪区为例，在感知形象测度的基础上，利用定性与定量方法论结合分析其感知形象现状和问题，并提出解决方案，总结出该类型城市在形象建设中应当注意的四对矛盾。     

DTH-单体液压支柱推护器的研制及应用

分析了回采工作面回柱放顶作业中防护措施的不足,介绍了DTH推护器的结构和现场应用效果.     

溶剂萃取法对苯甲酸废水预处理的研究

甲苯液相空气氧化法生产苯甲酸废水的成分复杂,属生物难降解体系,COD_Cr值高达20000～100000mg/L.本研究分别采用磷酸三丁酯、三烷基胺、三烷基氧膦为络合剂,正辛醇为助溶剂,煤油为稀释剂,通过萃取-反萃的方式,对苯甲酸废水进行处理.结果表明,多级错流萃取能有效地回收溶质苯甲酸,将原废水的COD_Cr值降低至1/6,使之满足其它末端处理的要求,而且反萃工艺简单易行,可生产苯甲酸盐,溶剂可重复使用.     

Importance of dispersal routes that minimize open‐ocean movement to the genetic structure of island populations

Islands present a unique scenario in conservation biology, offering refuge yet imposing limitations on insular populations. The Kimberley region of northwestern Australia has more than 2500 islands that have recently come into focus as substantial conservation resources. It is therefore of great interest for managers to understand the driving forces of genetic structure of species within these island archipelagos. We used the ubiquitous bar‐shouldered skink (Ctenotus inornatus) as a model species to represent the influence of landscape factors on genetic structure across the Kimberley islands. On 41 islands and 4 mainland locations in a remote area of Australia, we genotyped individuals across 18 nuclear (microsatellite) markers. Measures of genetic differentiation and diversity were used in two complementary analyses. We used circuit theory and Mantel tests to examine the influence of the landscape matrix on population connectivity and linear regression and model selection based on Akaike's information criterion to investigate landscape controls on genetic diversity. Genetic differentiation between islands was best predicted with circuit‐theory models that accounted for the large difference in resistance to dispersal between land and ocean. In contrast, straight‐line distances were unrelated to either resistance distances or genetic differentiation. Instead, connectivity was determined by island‐hopping routes that allow organisms to minimize the distance of difficult ocean passages. Island populations of C. inornatus retained varying degrees of genetic diversity (N_A = 1.83 – 7.39), but it was greatest on islands closer to the mainland, in terms of resistance‐distance units. In contrast, genetic diversity was unrelated to island size. Our results highlight the potential for islands to contribute to both theoretical and applied conservation, provide strong evidence of the driving forces of population structure within undisturbed landscapes, and identify the islands most valuable for conservation based on their contributions to gene flow and genetic diversity.     

混凝和活性炭吸附去除微污染水源水中DON的研究

溶解性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)作为饮用水中新兴氮消毒副产物(nitrogenous disinfection by-products,N-DBPs)的前体物逐渐受到国内外学者的关注.为探讨混凝和活性炭吸附对微污染水源水中DON的去除机制,首先测定原水中DON、溶解性有机炭(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)、NH4+-N、UV254、pH和溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)等指标和DON、DOC分子量分布;接着通过混凝和活性炭吸附试验来考察原水中DON、DOC和UV254变化,并应用三维荧光光谱对原水中DON变化进行表征.结果表明,微污染水源水中DON、DOC和UV254分别为1.28 mg.L-1、8.56 mg.L-1和0.16 cm-1,DOC与DON比值(DOC/DON)为6.69 mg.mg-1,SUVA为1.87 m-1.(mg.L-1)-1;小分子量(<6 000)DON占较高比例约为68%,大分子量(>20 000)DON占的比例为22%;当混凝剂投加量为10 mg.L-1,DON的去除率大约为20%,DOC和UV254去除率约26%、70%;当活性炭投加量为1.0 g,DON、DOC和UV254的去除率大约为60%、35%、100%;混凝和活性炭吸附组合试验时,对DON、DOC的去除率大约为82%和64%;三维荧光光谱证实,原水中DON变化与3个主要峰有关,分别代表物质为色氨酸类蛋白质、芳香族类蛋白质和富里酸类物质.     

Monitoring and estimating the flow conditions and fish presence probability under various flow conditions at reach scale using genetic algorithms and kriging methods

The combination of current velocity and water depth influences stream flow conditions, and fish activities prefer particular flow conditions. This study develops a novel optimal flow classification method for identifying types of stream flow based on the current velocity and the water depth using a genetic algorithm. It is applied to the Datuan stream in northern Taiwan. Fish were sampled and their habitat investigated at the study site during the spring, summer, fall and winter of 2008-2009. The current velocity, water depth and maps of the presence probability of fish were estimated by ordinary and indicator kriging. The optimal classification results were compared with the classification results obtained using the Froude number and empirical methods. The flow classification results demonstrate that the proposed optimal flow classification method that considers depth-velocity and optimally identified criteria for classifying flow types, yields a current velocity and water depth of 0.32 (m/s) and 0.29 (m), respectively, and classifies the flow conditions in the study area as pool, run, riffle and slack. The variography results of the current velocity and the water depth data reveal that seasonal flows are not spatially stationary among seasons in the study area. Kriging methods and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (River 2D) with empirical and optimal flow classification methods are more effective than the Froude number method in classifying flow conditions in the study area. The flow condition classifications and probability maps were generated by River 2D, ordinary kriging and indicator kriging, to quantify the flow conditions preferred by Sicyopterus japonicus in the study area. However, the proposed optimal classification method with kriging and River 2D is an effective alternative method for mapping flow conditions and determining the relationship between flow and the presence probability of target fish in support of stream restoration.     

Arsenic accumulation by ferns: a field survey in southern China

The objective of this study reported here was to characterize arsenic (As) accumulation by Pteris ferns by comparing 3 of the ferns of this genus with each other as well as with four non-Pteris ferns growing on seven sites in southern China with different As levels. A total of 112 samples, including 78 Pteris vittata, 13 P. cretica, 3 P. multifida and 18 ferns from other non-Pteris genera, with the soils in which they grew were collected for As and other elemental analyses. P. vittata was found to be the most dominant species and the most efficient As-accumulator, whereas P. multifida was the lowest As-accumulator among the Pteris ferns, with 4.54–3599, 28.7–757 and 11.2–341 mg kg^–1 As recorded in the fronds of P. vittata, P. cretica and P. multifida, respectively. Arsenic concentrations in non-Pteris ferns were generally much lower than those in Pteris ferns, with 0.81–1.32, 3.59, 10.7, 6.17–24.3 mg kg^–1 in the fronds of Blechumum orientale, Dicranopteris dichotoma, Pteridium aquilinum and Cyclosorus acuminatus, respectively. For P. vittata, the As bioaccumulation factor (ratio of As in fronds to that in soils) changed, whereas the As translocation factor (ratio of As in fronds to that in roots) remained unchanged among the different sites. The concentrations of Fe were very high in all of the collected fern sample, with the exception of B.␣orientale, with 207–6865, 637–3369, 375–1856, 1876, 493-6865 and 492 mg kg^–1 in the fronds of P. vittata, P. cretica, P. multifida, C. acuminatus, P. aquilinum and D. dichotoma, respectively. The association between Fe accumulation and As accumulation and tolerance in these ferns indicates the unique role of Fe in As-hyperaccumulation.