NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER LOSSES IN NO‐TILL CORN CROPPING SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Intensive cropping systems based on mechanical movement of soil have induced land degradation in most agricultural areas due to soil erosion and soil fertility losses. Thus, farmers have been increasing fertilization rates to maintain an economically competitive crop yield. This practice has resulted in water quality degradation and lake eutrophication in many agricultural watersheds. Research was conducted in the Patzcuaro watershed in central Mexico to develop appropriate technology that prevents nonpoint source pollution from fertilizers. Organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N) losses in runoff and nitrate (NO₃‐N) percolation in Andisols with corn under conventional till (CT) and no‐till (NT) treatments using variable percentages of crop residue as soil cover were investigated for steep‐slope agriculture. USLE type runoff plots were used to collect water runoff, while suction tubes with porous caps at 30, 60, and 90 cm depth were used to sample soil water solutes for NO₃‐N analyses. Results indicated a significant reduction of N and OM losses in runoff as residue cover increased in the NT treatments. Inorganic N in runoff was 25 kg/ha for NT without residue cover (NT‐0) and 6 kg/ha for the NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). Organic matter losses in runoff were 157 and 24 kg/ha for the NT‐0 and NT‐100 treatments, respectively. Nitrate‐N percolation was evident in CT and NT with 100 percent residue cover (NT‐100). However, NT‐100 had higher NO₃‐N concentration at the root zone, suggesting the possibility of reducing fertilization rates with the use of NT treatments.     

SBR法处理垃圾渗滤液及其同时硝化反硝化生物脱氮研究

采用SBR系统处理城市垃圾渗滤液,研究了不同C／N、130和MLSS对同时硝化反硝化脱氮效率的影响。结果表明：总氮去除率随着C／N、MLSS升高而上升;DO越低,总氮去除率越高;当进水CODCr与NH3-N浓度分别为420mg／L和112mg／L,DO和MLSS分别为1．5mg／L和5016mg／L时,CODCr、NH3-N及TN去除率分别为81．54％、96．57％和46．66％。根据试验结果,对同时硝化反硝化一个代表周期作了分析。     

Determination of Frequency for Remeasuring Ground and Vegetation Cover Factor Needed for Soil Erosion Modeling

Determining a remeasurement frequency of variables over time is required in monitoring environmental systems. This article demonstrates methods based on regression modeling and spatio-temporal variability to determine the time interval to remeasure the ground and vegetation cover factor on permanent plots for monitoring a soil erosion system. The spatio-temporal variability methods include use of historical data to predict semivariograms, modeling average temporal variability, and temporal interpolation by two-step kriging. The results show that for the cover factor, the relative errors of the prediction increase with an increased length of time interval between remeasurements when using the regression and semivariogram models. Given precision or accuracy requirements, appropriate time intervals can be determined. However, the remeasurement frequency also varies depending on the prediction interval time. As an alternative method, the range parameter of a semivariogram model can be used to quantify average temporal variability that approximates the maximum time interval between remeasurements. This method is simpler than regression and semivariogram modeling, but it requires a long-term dataset based on permanent plots. In addition, the temporal interpolation by two-step kriging is also used to determine the time interval. This method is applicable when remeasurements in time are not sufficient. If spatial and temporal remeasurements are sufficient, it can be expanded and applied to design spatial and temporal sampling simultaneously.     

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by combined chemical pre-oxidation and bioremediation in creosote contaminated soil

The ability of pre-oxidation to overcome polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) recalcitrance to biodegradation was investigated in creosote contaminated soil. Sand and peat artificially spiked with creosote (quality WEI C) were used as model systems. Ozonation and Fenton-like treatment were proved to be feasible technologies for PAH degradation in soil. The efficiency of ozonation was strongly dependent on the water content of treated soil samples. The removal of PAH by Fenton-like treatment depended on the applied H2O2/soil weight ratio and ferrous ions addition. It was determined that the application of chemical oxidation in sand resulted in a higher PAH removal and required lower oxidant (ozone, hydrogen peroxide) doses. The enhancement of PAH biodegradability by different pre-treatment technologies also depended on the soil matrix. It was ascertained that combined chemical and biological treatment was more efficient in PAH elimination in creosote contaminated soil than either one alone. Thus, the combination of Fenton-like and the subsequent biological treatment resulted in the highest removal of PAH in creosote contaminated sand, and biodegradation with pre-ozonation was found to be the most effective technology for PAH elimination in peat.     

Fe-pillared clay as a Fenton-type heterogeneous catalyst for cinnamic acid degradation

Fe-pillared montmorillonite has been used as a Fenton-type heterogeneous catalyst for the removal of cinnamic acid in water. The influences of the cinnamic acid, catalyst and H2O2 concentrations and pH on the removal rate of cinnamic acid have been studied. The results show that the efficiency of Fe-pillared montmorillonite is higher than that of the Fe ions in the homogeneous phase, and less sensitive to pH.     

铁路中小站段污水排放规律及处理匹配技术研究

随着铁路通车里程的增长,铁路中小站段随之增加。但是大部分站段污水经过简单处理或不经处理排放,造成了环境的污染。通过对沈阳铁路局下属中小站站段调研,找出典型站段污水排放规律,并提出与之相匹配的污水处理技术。     

超临界水氧化中设备腐蚀的研究现状

超临界水氧化（SCWO）技术是近年发展起来的处理有机难溶废物的安全高效的新技术。在阐述超临界水的物理、化学性质的基础上,介绍了SCWO反应的工作原理和流程,分析总结了世界范围内开展的SCWO环境中设备腐蚀及监测技术等方面的研究动态,提出了我国SCWO技术研究的未来发展方向。     

春夏两季四种植物净化生活污水的静态试验研究

在春夏两季,分别开展为期30天的静态试验,以研究芦苇、黄菖蒲、美人蕉、香蒲四种湿地植物对富营养化生活污水的净化效果。试验结果表明：通过纵向比较,夏季时植物对TN、TP的净化效果优于春季。通过横向比较,春季时黄菖蒲和香蒲的净化能力较强;夏季时美人蕉的净化能力较强。在时间上,可将喜温植物与耐寒植物结合,以保证湿地系统的长年运行;在空间上,可将挺水植物与沉水植物结合,以保证湿地系统的处理效果。     

博乐市城市环境噪声分析及防治对策探讨

论述了博乐市自1992-2006年城市环境噪声状况,对交通噪声、生活噪声、建筑施工噪声及发展趋势进行了分析,并提出必须从城市总体规划的战略高度统筹实施综合整治,有效地控制噪声污染.     

用清洁生产的理念防治农业污染的初步探讨

农业发展面临的农业污染问题,已成为制约农业可持续发展的＂瓶颈＂.农业污染问题已经成为影响农村经济发展,以及农村社会和谐发展的重要因素之一.在论述农业清洁生产涵义的基础上,探讨了农业清洁生产防治农业污染问题.以新疆绿洲农业为例,论述了农业污染现状及发展农业清洁生产的必要性,分析探讨了发展农业清洁生产存在的问题和障碍,并提出了对策和建议.