西湖底泥中厌氧氨氧化菌的分子生物学检测

厌氧氨氧化（anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox）在海洋氮素循环中起了重要作用,而有关天然淡水生态系统中anammox的研究报道并不多.本研究采用16SrRNA基因克隆文库技术首次考察了西湖淡水底泥中anammox菌的分布与种群多样性水平.16SrRNA系统发育分析表明,西湖底泥中的...     

氮氧化物气体的产生及其对厌氧氨氧化的影响研究

硝化、反硝化生物脱氮反应,因产生N2O温室气体,开始引发一些环保工作者的关注。新开发的厌氧氨氧化工艺在生物脱氮方面具有无可比拟的优越性。在其脱氮的3种反应途径中,也可能产生NO、NO2和N2O微量气体。文章对目前厌氧氨氧化反应中,这3种微量气体的产生情况进行了综述,并总结了这3种气体对厌氧氨氧化反应的影响。提出考察厌氧氨氧化过程中温室气体的排放情况和如何减少或控制温室气体的排放将成为厌氧氨氧化工艺应用中重要的研究方向之一。     

氨法脱硫试验研究分析

为研究氨法脱硫中气液比、吸收液pH值、吸收液浓度以及进口烟温对脱硫效果的影响,设计了一套实验台,以亚硫酸铵为吸收剂进行了实验研究和分析.结果表明,气液比越小,脱硫效率越高;吸收液pH值越大,脱硫效果越好;脱硫效率随吸收液浓度的增大先增加后减小,中间存在最大值;而温度对脱硫效果的影响不大.同时可根据此结果,气液比选择在0.2～0.25L/m3范围,pH值选择为6～7.5范围,吸收液浓度为5.5％左右时,可使脱硫效果达到最好.     

改性膨润土应急截留液态有机物的性能及机制

用长碳链季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂改性膨润土,研究其对典型液态有机物(苯、氯苯、硝基苯、柴油)的截留性能及作用机制,并进行了中试规模的模拟应急处置试验.改性膨润土对液态有机物的单位截留量(2.83～9.01 g.g-1)明显高于常规截留剂(0.28～1.17 g.g-1).表面活性剂的性质、添加量及有机物本身的黏度是影响改性膨润土对液态有机物截留性能的重要因素,其中以溴化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTMAB)为改性剂且其添加量为100%CEC的改性膨润土的截留性能最佳.在液态有机物泄漏模拟处置中,改性膨润土应急截留装置可在短时间内(30 min)完成对液态有机物90%以上的就地截留.研究表明改性膨润土截留液态有机物的主要作用机制是表面活性剂的改性处理增强了改性膨润土的疏水性,并增大了其层间距,从而提高了其对液态有机物的截留性能.     

交联壳聚糖季铵盐与聚合铝复合的絮凝效果研究

研究了交联壳聚糖季铵盐与聚合铝复合后的絮凝特征。实验结果表明,壳聚糖季铵盐的絮凝效果与取代度有关,取代度在85%时絮凝效果较好。季铵盐交联后絮凝效果提高,用交联壳聚糖季铵盐与聚合铝复合,壳聚糖季铵盐与聚合铝的配比影响絮凝效果,当复合絮凝剂中壳聚糖季铵盐所占比例在20%附近时,絮凝效果最好。复合絮凝剂具有好的除浊效果,投药量低,pH值适用范围广,在达到良好的除浊效果的同时还降低了残留铝的浓度。用复合絮凝剂对造纸废水进行处理,浊度去除率可达95%,COD去除率达38%。     

锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附特性

采用锆对天然沸石进行改性,并研究了锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附特性.结果表明,锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵均具有很好的吸附能力.锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学过程满足准二级动力学模型.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin–Radushkevich(D–R)等温吸附模型可以很好地描述锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以很好地描述锆改性沸石对水中铵的等温吸附行为.由Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到锆改性沸石对磷酸盐和铵的最大吸附容量分别达到26.2,7.82 mg/g.热力学参数表明锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附是自发的吸热反应过程.锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随着pH值的增加而降低.当pH4~8时,锆改性沸石对水中铵的吸附能力较高;当pH低于4或高于8时,对铵的吸附能力下降.水中共存的Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-和NO3-等阴离子对锆改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的影响很小,而共存的SiO32-对磷酸盐的吸附则具有较强的负面影响.水中共存的Ca2+和Mg2+对锆改性沸石吸附铵的影响较小,而共存的K+和Na+对铵的吸附则具有较强的负面影响.锆改性沸石吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制是阴离子配位体的交换,吸附水中铵的主要机制是与沸石中可交换阳离子的离子交换.     

青年湖沉积物中氮赋存形态的季节性变化

通过对青年湖中心区和浅滩区近1 a的野外观测,分析其沉积物、间隙水和上覆水中TN、EN(可交换态氮)和Fixed-NH4+-N(固定态铵)的含量及表层沉积物Eh和温度的季节变化.结果表明:沉积物中w(TN)较高,且中心区大于浅滩区;NH4+-N是沉积物中EN的主要形式,约占w(EN)的95%,是氮自沉积物向表层水扩散的主要形态;沉积物中w(NO3--N)和w(NO2--N)较低;青年湖沉积物具有较强的吸持Fixed-NH4+-N的能力,浅滩区和中心区w(Fixed-NH4+-N)占w(TN)的比例分别为18.57%和20.84%,Fixed-NH4+-N是潜在氮源;沉积物中w(可交换态NH4+-N)和w(Fixed-NH4+-N)呈现春、夏季降低,秋、冬季升高的变化趋势,w(NO3--N)呈春、夏季升高而秋、冬季降低的变化趋势,且浅滩区变幅大于中心区;植物根系、温度的季节性变化可改变表层沉积物的还原环境,进而影响氮的硝化-反硝化作用和矿化作用.      

壳聚糖季铵盐的制备及其降尘性能研究

以壳聚糖为原料,对其季铵化改性制备了一种新型煤矿用环保降尘剂。主要包括单体3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CTA)的合成与壳聚糖季铵盐（HTCC）的制备。通过单因素试验研究了反应时间、反应温度、碱用量、单体配比等因素对HTCC降尘率的影响,并采用正交实验确定了最佳的工艺合成条件为:m(NaOH)/m(CTA)=1.2,m(CTA)/m(CTS)=3.5,60 ℃下反应10 h;用IR、XRD表征了HTCC。当HTCC投加量为0.4 g/L,pH=6、温度25 ℃时,煤尘去除率达到最大约为94.6%,在降尘领域中有着良好的应用前景。     

Radioactive Isotopes of Strontium,Caesium and Plutonium in Sediments of the Northern Adriatic Sea

Changes in nitrification rates of an acid grassland soil with and without air drying have been monitored over 9 days, after first flushing native nitrate from the soils with deionised water. The results confirmed that full re-establishment of nitrification after air drying takes several days, supporting the hypothesis that any immediate first flush of nitrate from air-dried soils originates from cell lysis or flushing of ‘stored’ nitrate. Ammonium spiking confirmed that nitrification was not ammonium substrate limited. It was also found that ammonium accumulates in the soil during the drying process, providing a substrate pool once the population of nitrifiers has re-established. Over the first week of incubation, nitrate immobilisation was less conspicuous in the soil that had been rewetted after air drying compared with the incubated field moist soil.     

A Comparison of the Short-Term Dynamics of Soil “Damage” Due to Enhanced Nitrogen Deposition As Ammonium Sulphate Or Nitric Acid

An experiment has been conducted to contrast the effects of enhanced oxidised and reduced nitrogen deposition upon key chemical parameters in a Calluna moorland podzol. A 40 cm deep podzol profile, derived from granite, was reconstructed in one hundred 4.2 cm diameter cores. for 20 weeks, the cores were subjected twice weekly to simulated rainfall containing either twice ambient nitrogen deposition in Aberdeen, or further enhanced nitrogen (further 2- and 6-fold increases) as nitric acid or ammonium sulphate. to quantify the dynamics of soil change in each horizon, randomly selected cores were destructively analysed every two weeks and the soils analysed. Increased nitrogen inputs, regardless of form, substantially and immediately reduced surface soil pH_water via the mobile anion or salt effect. for the higher nitrogen treatments, the pH reduction was seen throughout the profile. Longer term soil acidification was also seen in the pH_{calcium chloride} results over the 20 weeks. at a given nitrogen deposition rate, the effects of ammonium sulphate and nitric acid on soil pH_{calcium chloride} were similar. the ammonium sulphate treatments were especially effective at reducing base saturation throughout much of the profile, the direct base cation leaching being associated with substantial ammonium accumulation. the results suggest that the direct base cation leaching caused by ammonium deposition needs to be considered when assessing atmospheric pollution “damage” to heathland soils.