Pathways for the oxidation of sarin in urban atmospheres

The nerve agent sarin has recently been deployed by terrorists in a major city. The molecule is volatile and made its way to many victims by passing as vapor through a highly reactive medium. Here we estimate rates and pathways for the removal of gas phase sarin from a generalized urban atmosphere. Only information from the open scientific literature is used. By structure reactivity comparisons with the organophosphorus pesticides, hydroxyl radical hydrogen abstraction may occur in as little as one hour. Decomposition of side chains after hydroxyl attack leads to organic oxygenates which preserve the phosphonofluoridate and so toxicity. The aqueous aerosol surface is contacted in minutes and offers access to a range of dissolved nucleophiles. Substitution displaces the fluoride leaving group, giving safe phosphoric acid analogs. Because of uncertainties in the electron distribution and in aqueous decay mechanisms, the time constants must be viewed as lower limits.     

Chemical signals of epiphytic lichens in southwestern North America; natural versus man-made sources for airborne particulates

Ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) in southwestern North America consists of naturally derived desert dust, plus anthropogenic inputs from several sources. Epiphytic lichens (Usnea sp.) in this region are a useful biomonitor for the airborne PM because they derive nutrients and moisture largely from incorporated atmospheric aerosols, and not by absorption from the host tree limb from which they are suspended. Using a broad-based sampling strategy from southern Chihuahua, Mexico, to northern New Mexico, USA, we show that select elemental abundance ratios and lead isotopes from epiphytic lichens are useful for distinguishing between sources of airborne PM, and for gauging anthropogenic inputs into desert ecosystems. Abundance patterns of the trace elements La, Nd, and Sm in the lichens suggest origination from continental crust, but rare earth elements display a pronounced enrichment relative to the major element Fe by a factor of about 5. This enrichment appears related to geologic weathering, aeolian transport, and grain-size biases toward trace-element-rich mineral grains in the arid setting. Using the metal Pb as an indicator of human inputs, epiphytic lichens typically show Pb enrichments by a factor of about 25–60 over typical upper crustal values. Regional-scale differences in Pb isotope ratios of these lichens relate to different pollutant sources in southwestern North America.     

New insights into the formation of ammonium nitrate from a physical and chemical level perspective

● Factor analysis of ammonium nitrate formation based on thermodynamic theory. ● Aerosol liquid water content has important role on the ammonium nitrate formation. ● Contribution of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust is significant in haze periods. High levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is linked to poor air quality and premature deaths, so haze pollution deserves the attention of the world. As abundant inorganic components in PM_2.5, ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) formation includes two processes, the diffusion process (molecule of ammonia and nitric acid move from gas phase to liquid phase) and the ionization process (subsequent dissociation to form ions). In this study, we discuss the impact of meteorological factors, emission sources, and gaseous precursors on NH₄NO₃ formation based on thermodynamic theory, and identify the dominant factors during clean periods and haze periods. Results show that aerosol liquid water content has a more significant effect on ammonium nitrate formation regardless of the severity of pollution. The dust source is dominant emission source in clean periods; while a combination of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust sources is more important in haze periods. And the control of ammonia emission is more effective in reducing the formation of ammonium nitrate. The findings of this work inform the design of effective strategies to control particulate matter pollution.     

氯化铵浸取法回收盐泥中的镁

以盐泥为原料,采用氯化铵浸取回收盐泥中的Mg²⁺,以浸取液和回收的氨反应制取氢氧化镁产品。考察了盐泥浆液固含量、浸取时间、物料比（氯化铵与盐泥中氢氧化镁的摩尔比）等工艺条件对Mg²⁺浸取率的影响,并以比表面积为考察指标进行正交实验,确定氢氧化镁的最佳制备条件。实验结果表明：在盐泥浆液固含量为248 g/L、浸取时间为100 min、物料比为2.3的条件下,Mg²⁺浸取率为75.0%;在n（MgCl₂）:n（NH₄Cl）=0.5、氨水浓度3 mol/L、氨水滴加速率 0.8 mL/min、反应温度 90 ℃的最佳条件下,制备的氢氧化镁的比表面积为17.87 m²/g,粒径约为3 μm。该工艺简单可行,为盐泥的综合利用提供了新的思路。     

聚天冬氨酸的阻垢分散性能

以马来酸酐和铵盐为原料合成聚天冬氨酸,对聚天冬氨酸进行了红外光谱和差热-热重分析表征,并对其阻碳酸钙垢及分散氧化铁的性能做了较系统的研究。结果表明：所得产品的产率均在98．11％以上,并基本具备目标产物聚天冬氨酸的各种官能团;热分解温度为386．3℃;当加入量为4mg/L时,其阻垢率已接近100％;当加入量为30mg/L时,分散氧化铁性能最好,溶液透光率为48．7％。     

Au nanoring arrays as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate for chemical component study of individual atmospheric aerosol particle

Monolayer-ordered gold nanoring arrays were prepared by ion-sputtering method and used as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates to test the individual atmospheric aerosols particle. Compared to other methods used for testing atmospheric aerosols particles, the collection and subsequent detection in our work is performed directly on the gold nanoring SERS substrate without any treatment of the analyte. The SERS performance can be tuned by changing the depth of the gold nanoring cavity as originating from coupling of dipolar modes at the inner and outer surfaces of the nanorings. The electric field exhibits uniform enhancement and polarization in the ordered Au nanoring substrate, which can improve the accuracy for detecting atmospheric aerosol particles. Combined with Raman mapping, the information about chemical composition of individual atmospheric aerosols particle and distribution of specific components can be presented visually. The results show the potential of SERS in enabling improved analysis of aerosol particle chemical composition, mixing state, and other related physicochemical properties.     

铵盐气溶胶对烟气排放连续监测系统颗粒物比对监测的影响研究

利用拉曼光谱对采样后的滤筒进行分析,发现废气中的硫酸铵-硫酸氢铵气溶胶是造成成都市部分企业烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)颗粒物比对监测结果不合格的主要原因。通过比较分析得出:在对含硫酸铵-硫酸氢铵气溶胶废气进行颗粒物浓度比对监测时,参比方法(重量法)测定的颗粒物浓度是一定标干采样体积下废气中固体微粒和硫酸铵-硫酸氢铵液体微粒结晶后产生的晶体的总质量,基于光散射法的CEMS颗粒物浓度测试系统测定的颗粒物浓度只是一定标干采样体积下废气中固体微粒的质量,由此导致参比方法测出的颗粒物浓度远大于CEMS测出的浓度,造成比对误差远超出允许值范围。     

离子型稀土冶炼废水资源回收及达标排放处理工艺研究

离子型稀土冶炼废水水质成分复杂,NH_3-N浓度极高,直接排放不仅造成严重的环境污染而且形成巨大的资源浪费。通过全面分析稀土冶炼废水水质,对稀土冶炼废水资源回收及达标排放处理进行了工艺理论分析,并提出了整套工艺流程。实验室小试及中试研究结果显示,该工艺能有效地从稀土冶炼废水中回收农业级NH_4Cl,并使废水达到污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)的要求。     

MAP法沉淀回收装置的运行条件优化研究

采用一种简易的MAP回收装置,研究了间歇运行条件下反应时间和曝气量对MAP法除磷效果的影响,确定出最佳反应时间为90 min,最佳曝气量为1.2 L/min,相应的除磷率可达98.26%,沉淀回收率为74.54%。当增加一个漏斗形隔板分离反应区和沉淀区并连续运行时,除磷率和沉淀回收率分别为92.11%和63.66%。当不投加镁盐和铵盐而仅调控实际污泥脱水滤液的pH值为9.8时,其连续运行的平均除磷率和MAP回收率分别可达95.16%和70%,运行性能比较稳定。     

MAP法处理高浓度氨氮废水技术研究进展

MAP法(磷酸铵镁沉淀法)是去除废水中高浓度氨氮的一种有效技术。本文叙述了MAP法去除废水中氨氮的反应机理,分析pH值、物质摩尔比,反应时间等影响因素。该方法具有去除率高、反应速度快、受外界环境影响小等特点,同时还实现了对氮的有效回收,具有较好的应用前景。