新西兰无过失伤害的预防、康复和赔偿体制介绍

新西兰意外赔偿局(ACC),是管理新西兰意外事件赔偿的政府机构。ACC计划是对在新西兰境内的公民、居民或临时来访的人提供受伤赔偿的服务。每年在复原、治疗和酬劳补偿等方面要花费十几亿元,为了保证这些服务,ACC从劳动者的薪金、燃油税、政府赞助和投资收入等方面来支付赔偿金,不同行业的工伤赔偿申请比率也不同。另外,ACC建立了培训基金,代替雇主负责对员工的安全与健康培训。虽然这一体制正面临一些私有化和费用不断增加的挑战和困难,但总体来说,ACC体制是适合新西兰的一个优良的方案,比其他国家的体制在管理效率和雇主利益等方面明显显示出优势。     

Assessing field vulnerability to phosphorus loss in Beijing agricultural area using Revised Field Phosphorus Ranking Scheme

Guanting Reservoir,one of the drinking water supply sources of Beijing,suffers from water eutrophication.It is mainly supplied by Guishui River.Thus,to investigate the reasons of phosphorus(P)loss and improve the P management strategies in Guishui River watershed are important for the safety of drinking water in this region.In this study,a Revised Field P Ranking Scheme(PRS)was developed to reflect the field vulnerability of P loss at the field scale based on the Field PRS.In this new scheme,six factors are included, and each one was assigned a relative weight and a determination method.The affecting factors were classified into transport factors and source factors,and,the standards of environmental quality on surface water and soil erosion classification and degradation of the China were used in this scheme.By the new scheme,thirty-four fields in the Guishui River were categorized as"low","medium"or"high"potential for P loss into the runoff.The results showed that the P loss risks of orchard and vegetable fields were higher than that of corn and soybean fields.The source factors were the main factors to affect P loss from the study area.In the study area,controlling P input and improving P usage efficiency are critical to decrease P loss.Based on the results,it was suggested that more attention should be paid on the fields of vegetable and orchard since they have extremely high usage rate of P and high soil test of E Compared with P surplus by field measurements,the Revised Field PRS was more suitable for reflecting the characteristics of fields,and had higher potential capacity to identify critical source areas of P loss than PRS.     

基于全隧道方案的渤海海峡跨海通道工程环境影响研究

渤海海峡跨海通道是疏通中国干线交通网战略布局中的咽喉工程,因工程规模浩大,其环境影响广泛而深远.简要回顾了工程建设方案的筛选进程及“深埋式全隧道”方案的环境优势;建议工程环境影响评价采用“协作型”环境影响评价模式,以合作和协调克服各方之间的分歧和矛盾;初步探讨了工程前期调研的主要内容;识别分析了通道工程对近岸海域、出入口城市的主要环境影响.结果表明:与其他方案相比,深埋式全隧道方案对自然人文景观、海洋生态环境、海洋资源开发利用等的影响是最小的,并提出了消除或减缓不良环境影响的对策措施,为通道工程的立项决策提供科学依据.     

Indigenous benefits and carbon offset schemes: An Australian case study

The nexus between human rights and the environment is a key issue for climate policymakers and Indigenous peoples around the world. We combine national spatial, social and biological datasets from Australia to describe where Indigenous carbon projects are happening, why Indigenous people are participating, and how effective these schemes might be at marrying Indigenous co-benefit, biodiversity and carbon emission mitigation goals. Our study shows that many Indigenous people engage in carbon offset schemes as part of their broader cultural responsibility for landscapes, and that they seek to grow the relationship between social and ecological benefits. It also highlights the challenges associated with designing carbon offset schemes that address the impacts of climate change and respond to Indigenous peoples’ world views about what is required to sustain cultural-social-ecological systems.     

日本环境税及其在国内的反响

自《京都议定书》生效后,日本温室气体减排义务需在1990年基础上减少14%的排放量才能达到议定书规定的目标.日本政府、环境省等提出加速减排的观点和引入环境税的思路设计、税收措施等,然而政府制定的环境税收制度在日本受到很大的争议,实行得并不顺畅.     

滇池湖滨区新农村建设中的污染防治工程技术方案研究

对滇池湖滨区农村环境现状及主要环境问题进行了详细分析，就工程总体思路、设计原则及主要考核指标体系等进行了探讨，提出沿湖农村非点源污染防治工程技术方案，即通过以沼气池为纽带的农村能源结构改造、村级污水处置处理和配套沟渠系统建设、村内垃圾处理处置以及普及卫生旱厕、村庄道路修缮及绿化等工程和管理措施，从源头上控制污染物产生量，减少入湖污染负荷，有效地解决滇池环湖新农村建设中的环境保护问题。     

网络环境下重要信息系统安全体系结构的研究

在阐述信息系统安全、信息系统安全体系结构的基本概念后,主要介绍信息系统安全研究内容,并对目前主流的几类安全体系结构进行对比分析;着重分析重要信息系统的特点和基于可信计算的终端安全体系结构优缺点,并在此基础上提出可信计算与安全机制相结合的方案,同时给出信息安全评估系统的安全体系结构的设计思路,为网络环境下重要信息系统的安全架构提供了一些新的思路。     

2015年调水调沙期间黄河悬浮颗粒Pb及其稳定同位素组成变化

通过对2015年黄河调水调沙期间利津水文站悬浮泥沙以及小浪底水库表层沉积物的分析,研究了调水调沙期间黄河入海泥沙中Pb元素的含量及同位素组成的变化特征,探讨了其物质来源及对调水调沙进程的响应.结果表明,调水调沙期间黄河入海泥沙Pb元素含量为18.09~28.35μg/g,平均为21.64μg/g,稳定同位素²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb为0.8367~0.8481,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb为2.0839~2.0997,与黄土等物质较为接近.Pb含量及稳定同位素组成在调水调沙前、后期均较高,而在调水调沙中间主要时段则较低.利津站悬浮泥沙及小浪底水库沉积物中Pb同位素组成均符合黄河源Pb演化规律,但小浪底水库沉积物Pb元素含量较高,部分站位受到了人类活动的影响.调水调沙进程对该期间黄河入海泥沙Pb的变化及来源有着显著影响,在调水调沙前期和后期,水沙通量小,洪水对下游河床冲刷作用弱,Pb受到中上游沉积物来源影响,导致含量和同位素组成较高.在调水调沙中间的主要时段,利津悬浮泥沙与小浪底水库沉积物显著不同,Pb主要来自洪水对下游河床的冲刷,以自然来源为主,未受到人类活动影响.     

浅谈吉林省西部草原"三化"治理对策

随着吉林省农牧业进入新的发展阶段,结构调整、提高效益、改善生态环境已经成为现阶段农牧业和农村经济发展的重要任务,草原作为西部生态系统的重要组成部分,也是治理的重点.在结合现有的资料对吉林省西部草原"三化"的原因进行分析,并提出相应治理对策.     

用规划方法安排干旱和半干旱地区的农田灌溉方案——以河北省曲周县冬小麦为例

为提高干旱和半干旱地区的水分利用率,本文提出用规划方法安排农田灌溉方案,并以河北省曲周县冬小麦为例说明有关问题的处理方法。用规划方法求出的灌溉方案增产效果是显著的,比目前生产上采用的“保灌水浇地”的传统灌溉方法增产18％左右。