美国洛杉矶空气管理经验分析

过去35年间,洛杉矶的经济和人口持续增长、城市扩张,但是洛杉矶的空气污染水平得到了下降,在达到加利福利亚州和《清洁空气法》所规定的大气质量总体目标方面,有了长足的进步.期间起到重大作用的因素包括:①固定污染源和移动污染源气体污染物排放的控制技术和企业实践的巨大进步.②联邦、州和地区的清洁空气政策的发展.③强有力的专门负责清洁空气政策的监督和执行行政机构的设立.④公众压力.⑤从信任政府运用命令与控制手段到利用激励手段和市场手段完成许多政策目标(包括空气污染控制)的变革.同时,该地区的人口还在持续增长,经济继续繁荣扩张,意味着将产生更多的空气污染物,尤其是来自移动污染源的污染物.另外,在公众不太支持加强政府力量或增加税收的形势下,要求政策制定者解决空气污染的问题或大幅度改变洛杉矶居民的生活方式.     

Determination of biodegradation potential by two culture-independent methods in PAH-contaminated soils

Biodegradation potentials of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined with soil samples collected from various depths of a PAH-contaminated site and of a site nearby where PAHs were not found. Putative dioxygenase genes were amplified by a primer set specific for initial dioxygenases and identified by web-based database homology search. They were further categorized into several groups of which four dioxygenases were selected as probes for DNA hybridization. The hybridization signals according to the presence of putative dioxygenases were positively related to the extent of PAH contamination. However, the signal intensities varied depending on the probes hybridized and moreover were not consistent with PAH biodegradation activities determined by CO2 evolution. Despite widely accepted advantages of molecular biodegradation assessment, our data clearly present the variations of assessment results depending on the genetic information used and suggest that the methodology may tend to underestimate the real biodegradation capacity of a site probably due to the limited dioxygenase database available at the moment. Therefore, the molecular assessment of biodegradation potential should involve a very careful primer and probe design and an extensive microbiological examination of a site of interest to accurately delineate the biodegradation potential of the site.     

IMPACT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT MODIFICATIONS ON WATER QUALITY OF A RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT. As a result of several investigations conducted in the Department of Civil Engineering through the Water Resources Research Center at The University of Tennessee, dating from 1966 to the present, a rather comprehensive surveillance of water quality conditions has been maintained in Forth Loudoun Reservoir on the Tennessee River near Knowville, Tennessee. During the period covered by these investigations, the Knoxville Third Creek Sewage Treatment Plant was upgraded from a primary plant to a secondary (activated sludge) treatment plant. Comparison of the collected data is being undertaken herein to elucidate the impact of these modifications upon water quality conditions in the reservoir. Consideration is given to the improvements of water quality as related to the expenditure for modification of the treatment facilities. In addition, comment is directed toward the public health significance of the water quality conditions determined.     

贵州南部河谷热带性植物资源及开发利用

贵州南部河谷热带性植物共计464种、2变种。主要构成3种植被类型:大型羽状复叶林、稀树草坡灌丛与肉质多刺灌丛。可分为11类经济用途:药用(139种)、纤维(38种)、野果(21种)、观赏(21种)、鞣料(18种)、饲料(13种)、油脂(13种)、淀粉(12种)、紫胶虫寄主(11种)、芳香(6种)、染料(5种)。资源流失与环境变化,使现存资源的保护与深层次利用成为当前的主要问题。     

A human ecological assessment of air quality management: A convergence in economic and ecological thinking?

Traditional air pollution management practices are examined using the human ecological framework adopted by Boyden and others (1981) in their study of Hong Kong—the biohistorical or biosocial approach. The subsequent analysis of current air quality management practices assesses their effectiveness in protecting the overall health of both humans and the natural environment. The uncertainties inherent in air pollution management practices which emerge highlight the need to reduce emissions rather than rely on scientific knowledge to define clean air. The assessment also clearly defines roles for research in various areas such as atmospheric models, health effects, and environmental damage. The final recommendations emphasize the need for the introduction of such incentives to reduce emissions as economic instruments and warn against using health information to define clean air. Health and environmental damage information can, however, be used in risk assessment strategies together with atmospheric dispersion models.     

天然气净化厂放空废气对环境的影响及控制措施

天然气净化厂除正常生产有工艺废气排放外,传统装置检修开停产过程、供电或设备异常情况下,会有大量酸气、原料气通过放空火炬燃烧后排放。文章主要分析了天然气净化装置放空废气排放情况及其对周边环境的影响,阐述了异常放空、检修开停产过程原料气和酸气放空的控制措施及其环境效益。     

普光气田环境空气植物监测体系的初步构想

在简要回顾国内外有关植物监测大气污染研究的基础上,针对普光气田主要大气污染因子与环境监测现状,从监测植物筛选、监测点位选取、监测体系标准化、"植物-大气-土壤"综合评价系统以及应急监测机制等五个方面,讨论了构建该地区环境空气植物监测体系的基本想法和建议,并进行了展望,供项目建设决策参考。     

卧龙自然保护区野生植物资源管理初探

本文初步分析了卧龙自然保护区野生植物资源的特点和存在的问题,提出了野生植物资源利用和保护的生态经济对策。     

Assessing the “design paradox” with life cycle assessment: A case study of a municipal solid waste incineration plant

One of the most important processes in an integrated waste management system is incineration, which, among the different waste management disposal options still remains a critical waste treatment system. New dynamics and approaches have to be developed to embrace such a wide and complex topic, and better knowledge and assessment of incineration are strategically significant to define future environmental scenarios.Life cycle assessment (LCA), as a tool to optimise process-operating conditions and to support decision-making process, is often applied to investigate processes under design in various sectors, since choices made in the development phases can affect the future environmental profile. However, even if the greatest opportunity to improve a process from an environmental perspective is during the design phase, at the same time the knowledge is limited, in accordance with the so-called “design paradox”.Thus, in this context, this study used LCA methodology to quantitatively assess the extent to which the environmental impact of an incineration line reflects the environmental burdens perceived during the design phase. A comparative LCA was conducted at the design phase and under operating conditions at an Italian municipal solid waste incineration plant.The outcomes of the study indicated that for almost all of the categories analysed, the impacts associated with the process under design overestimated the impacts associated with the operating process, with the exception of climate change and water depletion. The results suggested that after the conduction of an LCA at the design phase of a process, an LCA of the operative conditions should be carried out to verify how much the over- or under-estimations affected the results.     

燃煤电厂PM_(2.5)减排技术与装备探讨

燃煤电厂在我国电力工业中占有很大的比重,其烟尘排放污染问题也尤其突出。大量燃煤烟尘的排放造成了严重的环境污染,特别是其中的细颗粒物PM2.5,能长期悬浮于大气中,对人类的健康造成了长期持续的危害,因此燃煤电厂PM2.5减排技术对于环境保护事业具有重要的意义和深远的影响,大力发展PM2.5减排技术与装备是电力行业大势所趋。