大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的源解析方法

综述了用于大气颗粒物中多环芳烃（PAHs)源解析的主要定性、定量方法、并对其优缺点作了总结。比值法多用于定性解析，化学质量平衡法（CMB）要求源的成分谱较全面，而多元统计法则要求输入的数据较多。由于缺乏各污染源较完整的PAHs成分谱，且PAHs易发生化学反应，所以CMB法难以广泛推广，而多元统计法对源成分谱，且PAHs易发生化学反应，所以CMB法难以广泛推广，而多元统计不对源成分谱要求低，且不需要考虑PAHs的降解，因而具有推广价值。     

Elemental levels in tree-bark and epiphytic-lichen transplants at a mixed environment in mainland Portugal, and comparisons with an in situ lichen

Samples of Platanus hybrida Brot. bark and Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale thalli, from a clean area in northern Portugal (Bai?o), were transplanted into an exposure location at the south-western Atlantic coast, impacted by urban-industrial emissions (Sines), for a 10-month long experiment. Bark pieces were confined into nylon bags (2-mm mesh), and lichen thalli kept with their bark substrate (Pinus pinaster (Ait.) Sol.). Every two months, a double set of transplants (one for bark, one for lichens) was brought back into the laboratory, together with native samples of Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. Following suitable cleansing and preparation procedures, field samples were put through INAA for elemental assessment. The results indicate that, regardless of signal magnitude, (1) concentrations in bark and lichen transplants are significantly correlated with atmospheric deposition for an appreciable number of elements; (2) there are a number of significant correlations between transplanted and native samples, and again between the latter and the deposition; and (3) the elements with biological patterns that follow the deposition in either transplanted or native samples (Co, V) are the very ones whose bioaccumulation seems to benefit from an alternation of wet-dry periods, which fits the precipitation record of the test site during the exposure term.     

Altitudinal and thermal gradients of hepatic Cyp1A gene expression in natural populations of Salmo trutta from high mountain lakes and their correlation with organohalogen loads

The biomarker of xenobiotic exposure cytochrome p450A1 (Cyp1A) was used to analyze the biological response to chemical pollution in Salmo trutta (brown trout) from nine high mountain European lakes in Norway, Tatras, Tyrol, and central Pyrenees. Hepatic Cyp1A mRNA levels correlated both with the reciprocal of absolute annual average air temperatures of the sampled lakes and with muscle concentrations of several hydrophobic organohalogen compounds (OC), including chlorinated polychlorobiphenyls (PCB), DDE, and DDT. The correlation between Cyp1A expression and OC content was observed across the whole temperature range (between −0.7 °C and +6.2 °C), but also in the absence of any thermal gradient. We concluded that airborne pollutants accumulate in high mountain lake fish at concentrations high enough to increase Cyp1A expression, among other possible effects. As geographical distribution of semi-volatile OC is strongly influenced by air temperatures, future climate modifications will potentially enhance their physiological effects in lake ecosystems.     

Mercury in air in an area impacted by strong industrial activities

The concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) and its relevant environmental parameters were measured at a highly industrialized area in the Ban Wall industrial complex (BWIC) in An San city, Korea from March to May 2005. The mean concentrations of Hg measured during the entire study period were computed to be 6.32 ± 8.56 ng m⁻³ (range of 2.32–181 ng m⁻³; N = 1160). Due to the effects of strong man-made activities, the significantly high Hg concentration levels (e.g., at or above 10 ng m⁻³) comprised about 7.5% of all data with the mean of 21.8 ± 26.3 ng m⁻³ (N = 87). By separating the data into daytime and nighttime periods, the Hg values exhibited a notable daytime enhancement possibly due to strong man-made activities during working hours. The results of the correlation analysis indicated the possible relationship between the Hg concentration and the temperature as well as several pollutant species (e.g., NO₂ and NO_x). Evaluation of the Hg data in relation with the air mass transport pattern confirms that the Hg concentration levels in this industrial area are affected most eminently by local, rather than distant, pollution sources.     

典型机载设备加速振动试验应用方法研究

目的为了提高加速振动试验方法在高新军用装备中工程化应用的准确性和可操作性。方法由于在合理的加速等级下,较大的振动能量可能导致试件局部振动疲劳累积损伤机理发生改变,因此在传统加速振动试验中充分评估结构试件的频率响应特性,得出一种修正的加速振动试验方法。首先结合计算机辅助分析手段对试件进行模态分析及频率响应分析,识别试件的薄弱部位。其次利用结构动力学特性测试手段,对薄弱部位的实测动态特性进行分析,并对超出加速响应限的加速度幅值进行修正。结果以典型的机载设备结构作为研究对象,将试件薄弱部位的频率响应幅值控制在合理的放大系数范围内,保证加速破坏机理的一致性,修改后加速振动试验结果与长周期正常等级振动试验结果特征一致。结论该方法符合国军标中振动试验方法的有关规定,可在装备研制过程中对设备结构部件的加速振动试验加以工程化应用。     

Control of exhaled SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the interpersonal breathing microenvironment in a ventilated room with limited space air stability

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of understanding and controlling the spread of the coronavirus between persons. We experimentally and numerically investigated an advanced engineering and environmental method on controlling the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the breathing microenvironment between two persons during interactive breathing process by combining the limited space air stability and a ventilation method. Experiments were carried out in a full-scale ventilated room with different limited space air stability conditions, i.e., stable condition, neutral condition and unstable condition. Two real humans were involved to conducted normal breathing process in the room and the exhaled carbon dioxide was used as the surrogate of infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from respiratory activities. A correspondent numerical model was established to visualize the temperature field and contaminated field in the test room. Results show that the performance of a ventilation system on removing infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from the interpersonal breathing microenvironment is dependent on the limited space air stability conditions. Appropriate ventilation method should be implemented based on an evaluation of the air condition. It is recommended that total volume ventilation methods are suitable for unstable and neutral conditions and local ventilation methods are preferable for stable conditions. This study provides an insight into the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols between persons in ventilated rooms with different limited space air stability conditions. Useful guidance has been provided to cope with COVID-19 in limited spaces.     

大气细菌粒子与飘尘粒子的关系

本研究用ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器和光散射气溶胶粒子计数器,在北京西单和丰台对大气细菌粒子与飘尘粒子的浓度和浓度分布及两者之间的关系进行了观测。结果表明,大气细菌粒子的日平均浓度为2.882个/l,浓度分布是从第6级至第1级逐级增大;飘尘粒子的平均浓度为149464个/l,浓度分布是从0.5～32μm依次减小:大气细菌粒子浓度与≥2.0μm的飘尘粒子有非常明显的正相关关系。     

室内外空气真菌污染状况初探

用Ａｎｄｅｒｓｅｎ生物粒子采样器和平皿沉降法分别观测了室内和室外空气真菌粒子浓度，粒数中值直径和沉降量。结果表明，室外空气真菌粒子浓度高于室内空气真菌粒子浓度，室外空气真菌粒数中值直径大于室内空气真菌数中值直径，室外空气真菌粒子沉降量大于室内空气真菌粒子沉降量。     

Characterisation and seasonal variations of particles in the atmosphere of rural, urban and industrial areas: Organic compounds

Atmospheric aerosol samples(PM_(2.5–0.3), i.e., atmospheric particles ranging from 0.3 to2.5 μm) were collected during two periods: spring–summer 2008 and autumn–winter 2008–2009, using high volume samplers equipped with cascade impactors. Two sites located in the Northern France were compared in this study: a highly industrialised city(Dunkirk) and a rural site(Rubrouck). Physicochemical analysis of particulate matter(PM) was undertaken to propose parameters that could be used to distinguish the various sources and to exhibit seasonal variations but also to provide knowledge of chemical element composition for the interpretation of future toxicological studies. The study showed that PM2.5–0.3concentration in the atmosphere of the rural area remains stable along the year and was significantly lower than in the urban or industrial ones, for which concentrations increase during winter.High concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), dioxins, furans and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls(DL-PCBs), generated by industrial activities, traffic and municipal wastes incineration were detected in the samples. Specific criteria like Carbon Preference Index(CPI) and Combustion PAHs/Total PAHs ratio(CPAHs/TPAHs) were used to identify the possible sources of atmospheric pollution. They revealed that paraffins are mainly emitted by biogenic sources in spring–summer whereas as in the case of PAHs, they have numerous anthropogenic emission sources in autumn-winter(mainly from traffic and domestic heating).     

空气微生物不同高度分布情况研究

空气微生物是城市生态系统重要的生物组成部分,空气中广泛分布的细菌、真菌孢子、放线菌和病毒等生物粒子不仅具有极其重要的生态功能,还与城市空气污染,城市环境质量和人体健康密切相关。从生态系统角度出发,着重论述了城市微生物气溶胶的粒谱范围、空气微生物浓度和组成在不同高度变化的相关规律。