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11.
Charles P. Newcombe 《Environmental management》1985,9(4):277-288
The problem of acid deposition and its harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems has created a new branch of science that is called upon to provide the knowledge on which legislative controls can be based. However, because of the nature of existing legislation, which requires evidence of cause and effect between industrial emissions and pollution, and because of science's inability to provide this information over the short term, considerable controversy has arisen about whether sufficient information exists to warrant control measures at this time. Among those who advocate controls, there is genuine divergence of opinion about how stringent the controls must be to achieve any desired level of protection.The controversy has led to an impasse between the scientific and political participants, which is reflected in the slow pace of progress toward an effective management strategy. Resolution of the impasse, at least in the short term, may demand that science and politics rely on empirical models rather than explanatory ones. The empirical model, which is the major proposal in this article, integrates all of the major variables and many of the minor ones, and constructs a three-dimensionally curved surface capable of representing the status of any waterbody subjected to the effects of acid deposition. When suitably calibrated—a process involving the integration of knowledge and data from aquatic biology, geochemistry, meteorology, and limnology—it can be used to depict limits to the rate of acid deposition required for any level of environmental protection. Because it can generate a pictorial display of the effects of management decisions and legislative controls, the model might serve as a basis for enhancing the quality of communication among all the scientific and political participants and help to resolve many of their controversies. 相似文献
12.
The chemical composition of throughfall and canopy leaching, as well as the acid neutralizing capacity and alkalinity depended on the age of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) stands and season of the year. A higher amount of sulphur and strong acids was deposited to the soil in the older age classes. Concentrations of SO(4)(2)(-), K(+), H(+), Mn(2+), Fe(2+) and Zn(2+) in throughfall were higher than in bulk precipitation in any season. This suggests that these ions were washed out or washed from the surface of needles and/or barks. The other ions NO(3)(-), NH(4)(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) were retained by the canopy, in particular Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) during the growing season in young stands. Principal component analysis identified five factors responsible for the data structure and suggested the major anthropogenic emission sources were acidic emission (SO(4)(2)(-)+NO(3)(-)), heavy metals-dust particles (Fe(2+)+Mn(2+)+Zn(2+)), ammonium (NH(4)(+)) and H(+), while the natural-origin emission was mineral dust (Na(+)+K(+)+Ca(2+)+Mg(2+)). 相似文献
13.
Thanaa H. Mahmoud 《Chemistry and Ecology》1997,13(3):155-170
The ara studied is located between El-Dikheila Harbour in Elmex Bay and Mandara, at longitude 29° 47' and 30° East and latitude 31° 17' North. the aim of the work is to look at carbon dioxide components in this areA and the effect of waste water discharged on their concentrations. Surface and bottom water samples were collected from 12 stations during January, April, August and November, 1995. Total alkalinity, salinity, temperature and pH were measured. Carbonate alkalinity, total alkalinity, partial pressure and dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ions were calculated, since the studied area includes two differetn sources of pollution. It wAs found conventient to refer El-Mex Bay as region “A” which contains stations from I to VI and the area located between Kayet Bey outfall and Mandara which contains stations from VII to XII as region “B”. When specific alkalinity is used As A tracer for El-Umum drain water it is observed that the drain water could reach Sidi Bishr area especially in August and November, while in January and April drain water did not reach this area. 相似文献
14.
Stewart AJ 《Environmental management》2001,27(1):37-46
Correlative relationships exist among conductivity, alkalinity, and hardness in streams due to natural geological and climatological
controls, but the relationships among these three water-quality factors can be altered strongly by inputs of ion-rich wastewaters.
The degree of alteration can be monitored conveniently by use of a simple chemical perturbation index, computed by subtracting
the sum of rank pairwise correlations among the conductivity, alkalinity, and hardness (for observations on each of these
variables, measured through time) from 3.0. The chemical perturbation index can be used to document or characterize spatiotemporal
changes in stream water quality. This study explains the development of the index's concept and provides examples of its application
in an extensive stream monitoring program used to assess ecological conditions in streams on the Department of Energy's Oak
Ridge Reservation in east Tennessee, USA. The chemical perturbation index technique may be particularly useful in community-based
stream monitoring programs because to its simplicity and low cost. 相似文献
15.
With the increase of water hardness from 60 to 720?mg/L CaCO3, total alkalinity from 32 to 376?mg/L CaCO3, pH from 7.6 to 7.9 and chloride from 28 to 350?mg/L, 96?h LC50 on the basis of total lead increased from 8.2 to 1291?mg/L for Cyprinus carpio and 5.3 to 865?mg/L for Catla catla, when soil sediments were included these values were further raised to 1356 and 874?mg/L, respectively. The dissolved lead LC50 values in all the treatments of soil and water was consistent with fixed amount of dissolved lead (1.04–1.78?mg/L) being needed for median lethal toxicity. Total lead toxicity also decreased with increase in pH from 6.3 to 11.3. 96?h LC50 values increased for common carp 15 to 631?mg/L and for catla, 8 to 355?mg/L. But dissolved lead toxicity was found to increase with the increase of pH from 6.3 to 11.3 for both common carp (LC50, 3.53 to 0.24?mg/L) and catla (LC50, 2.21 to 0.09?mg/L). Removal of dissolved Pb with increasing carbonate content, particulate matter and pH due to adsorption, precipitation or coprecipitation reaction, reduced the dissolved lead concentration and thus the total lead toxicity. Increase in toxicity of lead with increase of exposure time was the biological response of longer contact time and decrease in dissolved lead toxicity with decrease in pH was due to increase H+ ion competition. 相似文献
16.
Mockaitis G Ratusznei SM Rodrigues JA Zaiat M Foresti E 《Journal of environmental management》2006,79(2):198-206
An assessment was made of cheese whey treatment in a mechanically stirred anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) containing granular biomass. The effect of increasing organic load and decreasing influent alkalinity supplementation (as sodium bicarbonate) was analyzed. The reactor operated on 8-h cycles with influent COD concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/L, corresponding to volumetric organic loads of 0.6 to 4.8 mgCOD/L.d. Organic COD removal efficiencies were always above 90% for filtered samples. These results were obtained with an optimized alkalinity supplementation of 50% (ratio between mass of NaHCO3 added and mass of influent mgNaHCO3/mgCOD) in the assays with 500 and 1000 mgCOD/L and of 25% in the assays with 2000 and 4000 mgCOD/L. Initial alkalinity supplementation was equal to the mass of influent COD (100%). The system showed formation of viscous polymer-like substances. These were probably of microbiological origin occurring mainly at influent CODs of 2000 and 4000 mg/L and caused some biomass flotation. This could, however be controlled to enable efficient and stable reactor operation. 相似文献
17.
Miaomiao Fan Linjun Li Jinsuo Lu Heliang Pang Zhiqiang Zhang Jing Yang Pengpeng Li Xiaoyu Yan 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2023,35(2):901-914
Scale not only affects the taste and color of water, but also increases the risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases associated with drinking it. As a popular beverage, tea is rich many substances that have considerable potential for scale inhibition, including protein, tea polyphenols and organic acids. In this study, the effect of tea brewing on scale formation was explored. It was found that the proteins, catechins and organic acids in tea leaves could be released when the green tea was brewed in water with sufficient hardness and alkalinity. The tea-released protein was able to provide carboxyl groups to chelate with calcium ions (Ca2+), preventing the Ca2+ from reacting with the carbonate ions (CO32−). The B rings of catechins were another important structure in the complexation of Ca2+ and magnesium ions (Mg2+). The carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the organic acids was able to form five-membered chelating rings with Ca2+ and Mg2+, resulting in a significant decrease in Ca2+ from 100.0 to 60.0 mg/L. Additionally, the hydrogen ions (H+) provided by the organic acids consumed and decreased the alkalinity of the water from 250.0 to 131.4 mg/L, leading to a remarkable reduction in pH from 8.93 to 7.73. It further prevented the bicarbonate (HCO3−) from producing CO32− when the water was heated. The reaction of the tea constituents with the hardness and alkalinity inhibited the formation of scale, leading to a significant decrease in turbidity from 10.6 to 1.4 NTU. Overall, this study provides information to help build towards an understanding of the scale inhibition properties of tea and the prospects of tea for anti-scaling in industrial applications. 相似文献
18.
F. P. Sival A. P. Grootjans P. J. Stuyfzand T. Verschoore de la Houssaye 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1997,3(1):79-86
Basiphilous, open, species-rich vegetation types of young dune slacks have declined throughout Europe in recent years, and
have largely been replaced by often acidophilous, tall marsh and scrub vegetation. This succession appears to be accelerated
by a decrease in the discharge of calcareous groundwater from sandy ridges or small dune hummocks. The present study deals
with spatial and temporal variation in the chemical composition of the groundwater in the upper metres of the soil of a degraded
dune slack complex on the Dutch barrier island of Schiermonnikoog, with emphasis on (1) groundwater composition, (2) water
level and (3) decalcification patterns. The main aim was to assess perspectives for restoring basiphilous vegetation types
which had been abundant in this slack from 1954 to 1977. The depth of decalcification was related to former hydrological conditions
along a transect of 200 m. Acidifying effects of rainfall were reflected in the chemical composition of the groundwater below
small dune hummocks within the slack. Distinct precipitation water lenses, poor in dissolved ions, were formed under the dune
hummocks during a wet period. This microtopography did not contribute to the discharge of calcareous groundwater to lowlying
parts of the slack. Here, groundwater showed decreasing concentrations of the dissolved ions after a rain shower. Except for
the peripheral sections of the slack—where upward seepage of groundwater (exfiltration)still occurs—infiltration conditions
are now dominant in the slack. The consequences of the present hydrological conditions for restoration are briefly discussed. 相似文献
19.
Thanaa H. Mahmoud 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(3):155-170
The ara studied is located between El-Dikheila Harbour in Elmex Bay and Mandara, at longitude 29° 47′ and 30° East and latitude 31° 17′ North. the aim of the work is to look at carbon dioxide components in this areA and the effect of waste water discharged on their concentrations. Surface and bottom water samples were collected from 12 stations during January, April, August and November, 1995. Total alkalinity, salinity, temperature and pH were measured. Carbonate alkalinity, total alkalinity, partial pressure and dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ions were calculated, since the studied area includes two differetn sources of pollution. It wAs found conventient to refer El-Mex Bay as region “A” which contains stations from I to VI and the area located between Kayet Bey outfall and Mandara which contains stations from VII to XII as region “B”. When specific alkalinity is used As A tracer for El-Umum drain water it is observed that the drain water could reach Sidi Bishr area especially in August and November, while in January and April drain water did not reach this area. 相似文献
20.