全文获取类型
收费全文 | 143篇 |
免费 | 0篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 7篇 |
废物处理 | 4篇 |
环保管理 | 36篇 |
综合类 | 21篇 |
基础理论 | 48篇 |
环境理论 | 2篇 |
污染及防治 | 5篇 |
评价与监测 | 2篇 |
社会与环境 | 10篇 |
灾害及防治 | 12篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 1篇 |
2020年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 4篇 |
2015年 | 2篇 |
2014年 | 6篇 |
2013年 | 11篇 |
2012年 | 1篇 |
2011年 | 9篇 |
2010年 | 8篇 |
2009年 | 7篇 |
2008年 | 12篇 |
2007年 | 9篇 |
2006年 | 4篇 |
2005年 | 2篇 |
2004年 | 7篇 |
2003年 | 4篇 |
2002年 | 4篇 |
2001年 | 7篇 |
2000年 | 3篇 |
1999年 | 3篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1997年 | 5篇 |
1996年 | 2篇 |
1995年 | 1篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有147条查询结果,搜索用时 250 毫秒
91.
Sümer Gülez 《Environmental management》1992,16(3):355-362
National park plans are mainly prepared by a central planning team of the National Parks of Turkey. In this article, a model
is presented that proposes a different approach to preparing national park plans. The study is based on a questionnaire distributed
among the residents of the villages just outside a selected national park in Turkey and the relevant local and general authorities
who are interested in the national park in their region, to find out the effect of public opinion on national park planning.
Four basic strategies that represent the four main alternative approaches to forming policies in the planning of the park
were identified. Respondents were asked to choose one and to suggest their own ideas. As this is a first attempt of such a
study in Turkey, the results of the survey have been very encouraging. Therefore, this paper suggests that the assessment
of public opinion should be borne in mind throughout the planning process in Turkey. 相似文献
92.
ABSTRACTBecause of their democratic governance and value-driven approach cooperatives are often regarded as a prime example for alternative economies and contributing to (more) equitable economic development. Furthermore, they theoretically combine production and consumption and are often regionally-oriented. The recent boom of German renewable-energy cooperatives provides an interesting example of how cooperatives can also make an important contribution to sustainable development, here the German energy transition, and its social acceptance. The paper will first show how a specific regulatory environment supported this development and then analyse how German energy cooperatives cope with legal changes leading to less favourable institutional conditions. Based on a comprehensive survey, we examine whether they can, apart from their legal form, be regarded as alternative economies. Our analysis is guided by a set of criteria derived from Gibson-Graham’s diverse-economies framework, including voluntary and paid work, (origin of) borrowed capital, size and structure of membership, business goals and strategies, especially after the legal changes, as well as regional orientation. We will show how different categories of German energy cooperatives differ with regard to their business models, alternative-economy characteristics and coping strategies. The future development of energy cooperatives in Germany will very likely be as diverse as their recent history, thus illustrating the diversity of alternative-economy organisations as stipulated by Gibson-Graham. Most of them, however, deal with the new regulatory environment pro-actively and are developing business models, which are independent from public support and might lead to new cooperative strategies at the shifting interfaces between state, market and civil society. 相似文献
93.
Dominance, access to colonies, and queues for mating opportunities by male boat-tailed grackles 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Joseph P. Poston 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,41(2):89-98
Species characterized by female-defense polygyny have extreme variance in male mating success. Many studies have considered
alternative male strategies for access to females, but few have considered age-specific strategies. Male boat-tailed grackles
(Quiscalus major) compete for access to colonies of females and form linear dominance hierarchies. I observed two groups of males that competed
for females at seven colonies. Dominance rank was significantly correlated with mass, but not after controlling for age. In
contrast, the correlation between dominance rank and age remained significant after controlling for mass. Older males dominated
younger males and dominance relationships were very stable. Thus, dominance hierarchies represent queues for mating opportunities.
A male's rank in the hierarchy determined how closely he approached a colony. Furthermore, males of all ranks prevented lower-ranked
individuals from approaching the colonies. Dominance rank thus determined access to nesting females. One top-ranking male's
loss of mass over the course of the breeding season presumably reflected the energetic cost of defending females, but he maintained
his position in the hierarchy despite the small loss of mass. One alpha male held a colony for at least 4 years, and the ages
of males from two queues indicated that males wait 6 or more years before becoming an alpha male. Therefore, most males die
before acquiring a colony of females. Spatial structure such as that documented here could obscure recognition of queues and
explain why they have not been documented in more species.
Received: 13 May 1996 / Accepted after revision: 26 April 1997 相似文献
94.
Summary Adult male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus, practise alternative (territorial or sneaker/satellite) reproductive strategies that are correlated with differences in throat color and body size. In this study we raised tree lizards from hatching in the laboratory to examine the question of whether the phenotypic expression of secondary sex coloration and body size can be facultatively influenced by social or abiotic environmental factors. We compared males reared in the laboratory under different social and environmental conditions to males in the field and found no effect of different conditions on phenotypic differentiation (Figs. 2–4). Thus, phenotypic differences between morphs probably result largely from nonfacultative expression of different genotypes. This suggests that alternative male morphs practise a mixed evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) rather than one morph making the best of a bad situation. However, in the context of ESS theory it is difficult to explain our further result that the nonterritorial morph in this species grows faster and reaches a larger adult body size than the territorial morph (Fig. 5). 相似文献
95.
96.
Estimating the critical phosphorus loading of shallow lakes with the ecosystem model PCLake: Sensitivity, calibration and uncertainty 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is a vast body of knowledge that eutrophication of lakes may cause algal blooms. Among lakes, shallow lakes are peculiar systems in that they typically can be in one of two contrasting (equilibrium) states that are self-stabilizing: a ‘clear’ state with submerged macrophytes or a ‘turbid’ state dominated by phytoplankton. Eutrophication may cause a switch from the clear to the turbid state, if the P loading exceeds a critical value. The ecological processes governing this switch are covered by the ecosystem model PCLake, a dynamic model of nutrient cycling and the biota in shallow lakes. Here we present an extensive analysis of the model, using a three-step procedure. (1) A sensitivity analysis revealed the key parameters for the model output. (2) These parameters were calibrated on the combined data on total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, macrophytes cover and Secchi depth in over 40 lakes. This was done by a Bayesian procedure, giving a weight to each parameter setting based on its likelihood. (3) These weights were used for an uncertainty analysis, applied to the switchpoints (critical phosphorus loading levels) calculated by the model. The model was most sensitive to changes in water depth, P and N loading, retention time and lake size as external input factors, and to zooplankton growth rate, settling rates and maximum growth rates of phytoplankton and macrophytes as process parameters. The results for the ‘best run’ showed an acceptable agreement between model and data and classified nearly all lakes to which the model was applied correctly as either ‘clear’ (macrophyte-dominated) or ‘turbid’ (phytoplankton-dominated). The critical loading levels for a standard lake showed about a factor two uncertainty due to the variation in the posterior parameter distribution. This study calculates in one coherent analysis uncertainties in critical phosphorus loading, a parameter that is of great importance to water quality managers. 相似文献
97.
Masashi Kiyota Stephen J. Insley Stacey L. Lance 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(5):739-746
We conducted a 6-year longitudinal behavioral and genetic investigation of a highly polygynous pinniped, the northern fur
seal (Callorhinus ursinus), to determine the contribution of terrestrial polygyny to male fertilization success and to assess the occurrence of alternative
mating strategies. Genetic samples from 37 adult males, 50 adult females, and 85 pups were collected and genotyped using five
polymorphic microsatellite loci. Pup paternity was assigned using Cervus 2.0 at 99% confidence level. Paternity of 83 pups
(98%) was assigned to terrestrial males who held territories or stayed temporarily in the study area during the breeding season
when fertilization occurred. For 56 pups of which attendance records of their mothers were available, paternity of 45 pups
(80%) was assigned to the associate males in whose territory their mothers stayed during the perioestrus period. In addition
to defending breeding territories, territorial males have often been observed attempting to forcibly abduct adult females
from adjacent territories (female stealing): We observed a total of 95 such cases, in which the stealers had significantly
fewer females than the territorial males from whose territories they stole females. Our results indicate that terrestrial
resource-defense polygyny is the major mating system in this species and that nonassociated paternity occurs mostly as a result
of alternative mating strategies of less successful males. Male northern fur seals thus appear to adopt conditional alternative
strategies that depend on their current social status to maximize their life-time reproductive success. 相似文献
98.
Ivo H. Machatschke Barbara E. Bauer Cornelia Schrauf John Dittami Bernard Wallner 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1341-1350
Polygynous mating systems can inflict considerable costs on males, often causing the emergence of alternative mating strategies
to ensure reproductive success. These strategies can lead to different morphs of color, size, or behavior. The present work
was done on guinea pigs, a polygynous rodent species. Some males can show a reduced readiness for conflict, perhaps employing
an alternative mating strategy. To test this hypothesis, a two-stage experiment was set up, with males (N = 16) and females (N = 16) initially living in isosexual groups. Visual and olfactory contact was possible through a wire mesh. Male agonistic
behavior was observed for 15 days, confirming the existence of less-conflict-involved (LCI, N = 7) and more-conflict-involved males (MCI, N = 9). Significant differences were found for a conditional parameter, body mass, and a morphometric one, testis width: LCI
consistently surpassed MCI. Hormonally, cortisol was comparable, while testosterone was distinctly higher in MCI. Next, males
and females were joined and observed for further 24 days. Males initially lost weight but reached original mass towards the
end of the experiment. Testis width patterns were similar. Again, LCI had higher body mass. Cortisol was comparable, but testosterone
release 3 days after merging was significantly higher in LCI. Behaviorally, LCI exhibited significantly less male–male aggression
and more socio-sexual behavior than MCI. The former were more successful, with 57% capable of accessing females, in contrast
to 11% of MCI. The existence of two distinct behavioral phenotypes in guinea pig males suggests that different reproductive
strategies may exist in this species. 相似文献
99.
《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(2):49-62
Abstract This paper sets out an examination of natural disaster amongst small island developing states (SIDS), and presents a framework for assessing the interaction of global pressures and local dynamics in the production of human vulnerability. Change at the global level is found to be a source of new opportunities as well as constraints on building local resilience to natural disaster. Much depends on the orientation of the state in global economic and political systems. The United Nations is a key global actor with relevance to shaping vulnerabilityin island states, and the impact of the UN Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction is reviewed. It is concluded that this is a critical time for SIDS which must contend with ongoing developmental pressures in addition to growing pressures from risks associated with global environmental change and economic liberalisation that threaten their physical and economic security. 相似文献
100.
Andries Richter Daan van Soest Johan Grasman 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2013
Real world observations suggest that social norms of cooperation can be effective in overcoming social dilemmas such as the joint management of a common pool resource—but also that they can be subject to slow erosion and sudden collapse. We show that these patterns of erosion and collapse emerge endogenously in a model of a closed community harvesting a renewable natural resource in which individual agents face the temptation to overexploit the resource, while a cooperative harvesting norm spreads through the community via interpersonal relations. We analyze under what circumstances small changes in key parameters (including the size of the community, and the rate of technological progress) trigger catastrophic transitions from relatively high levels of cooperation to widespread norm violation—causing the social–ecological system to collapse. 相似文献