Airborne ammonia and ammonium within the Northern Adriatic area, Croatia

Determination of airborne ammonia started in the early 1980s, as a part of air pollution monitoring of industrial plants. Due to high emissions, the city of Rijeka was one of the most polluted in Croatia in the mid-1980s. Considerable reductions in SO2 and NO(x) emissions led to lower airborne levels of these pollutants in the mid 1990s. In spite of the coke plant closure in 1994, there was only a weak decline in airborne ammonia over the period 1980--2005, with annual means in the range of 12-20 microg m(-3) at urban Site 1 and 6-28 microg m(-3) at suburban Site 2. Similar behaviour has been observed with ammonium in bulk rainwater samples since 1996. Higher and approximately equal deposition of nitrogen as ammonium (N-NH4+) were obtained for the urban Site 1 and the mountainous Site 4, but with different causative facts. Ammonium's contribution to total nitrogen (NO3(-)+NH4+) deposition is approximately two thirds, even for a remote Site 3.     

Bottom-up uncertainty estimates of global ammonia emissions from global agricultural production systems

Here we present an uncertainty analysis of NH₃ emissions from agricultural production systems based on a global NH₃ emission inventory with a 5×5 min resolution. Of all results the mean is given with a range (10% and 90% percentile). The uncertainty range for the global NH₃ emission from agricultural systems is 27–38 (with a mean of 32) Tg NH₃-N yr⁻¹, N fertilizer use contributing 10–12 (11) Tg yr⁻¹ and livestock production 16–27 (21) Tg yr⁻¹. Most of the emissions from livestock production come from animal houses and storage systems (31–55%); smaller contributions come from the spreading of animal manure (23–38%) and grazing animals (17–37%). This uncertainty analysis allows for identifying and improving those input parameters with a major influence on the results. The most important determinants of the uncertainty related to the global agricultural NH₃ emission comprise four parameters (N excretion rates, NH₃ emission rates for manure in animal houses and storage, the fraction of the time that ruminants graze and the fraction of non-agricultural use of manure) specific to mixed and landless systems, and total animal stocks. Nitrogen excretion rates and NH₃ emission rates from animal houses and storage systems are shown consistently to be the most important parameters in most parts of the world. Input parameters for pastoral systems are less relevant. However, there are clear differences between world regions and individual countries, reflecting the differences in livestock production systems.     

Emissions of gaseous nitrogen species from manure management: a new approach

A procedure for the assessment of emissions of nitrogen (N) species (ammonia, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, di-nitrogen) from the manure management system is developed, which treats N pools and flows including emissions strictly according to conservation of mass criteria. As all relevant flows in the husbandry of mammals are depicted, the methodology is considered a Tier 3 approach in IPCC terminology or a detailed methodology in UN ECE terminology. The importance of accounting for all N species is illustrated by comparing emission estimates obtained using this approach with those obtained from the application the present detailed/Tier 2 methodology.     

塑料管中氧化-气相分子吸收光谱法测定水中氨氮

建立了塑料管中氧化-气相分子吸收光谱测定水中氨氮的方法,消除了玻璃容器中杂质的干扰。方法空白值低,检出限为0．006mg／L,测定实际水样的精密度≤3.0％,加标回收率为98.4％～104％,与次溴酸盐氧化-分光光度法作比对,结果基本一致。     

氨和脉冲电晕脱硫脱硝的试验研究

利用氨对SO₂的中和反应和纳秒高压脉冲电晕产生的活化自由基对SO₂和ＮＯ的氧化作用脱除燃煤锅炉排放烟气中的SO₂和ＮＯ。试验结果表明:氨脱硫效率很高,但对ＮＯ不产生作用;氨和脉冲电晕共同作用于烟气中的SO₂具有理想的脱硫效果。      

合成氯蒸汽发生器泄漏分析

本文针对某化肥厂合成氨装置的蒸汽发生器发生泄漏的原因进行了分析。该设备的材质为SA336F22（相当于国内2．25Cr-1Mo）,属于高温高压临氢设备,出现了垂直于焊缝方向的横向裂纹．经分析这些裂纹主要是氢浓度过高而引起的氢致延迟裂纹,并结合实际的情况提出了合适的返修措施。     

燃煤电厂超低排放形势下空预器堵塞预防措施

就超低排放形势下,针对SCR脱硝系统运行中空预器堵塞引发机组安全稳定运行的问题,分析并找出空预器堵塞的原因,提出预防其堵塞的措施。优化环保设施(脱硝系统)运行方式,确保环保达标,能有效的预防空预器堵塞。     

制冷系统中氨的回收

氨是一种有毒有害物质，在石化装置设备进行检修时需要对氨进行回收，否则容易造成环境污染和人体伤害及人员中毒事故的发生。通过对江苏油田轻烃回收装置制冷系统存在的问题以及氨回收方法的分析，对轻烃回收装置中的制冷系统进行工艺改造，达到回收氨的目的。     

不同水分条件下土地利用方式对我国热带地区土壤硝化过程及NO和N2O排放的影响

热带地区雨热条件丰富,硝化过程产生的硝态氮不利于氮素养分的保持,同时会带来氮氧化物排放等环境负面效应.橡胶树和茶树在热带地区广泛种植,不同土地利用方式土壤硝化速率和氮氧化物排放的差异尚不清楚.以海南白沙地区典型橡胶林和茶园土壤为研究对象,分别采集5 a （T5）和15 a （T15）茶园土壤和附近橡胶林（XJ）土壤,设置低（50% WFPS-L）和高（80% WFPS-H）两种不同水分含量,在25℃进行71d室内培养试验,探究不同土地利用方式和不同水分含量对土壤净硝化速率、NO和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明：①橡胶林改为茶园后,在高含水量条件下,显著降低了土壤净硝化速率、NO和N₂O排放,整体呈现XJH>T15H>T5H的趋势,XJH处理土壤净硝化速率、NO和N₂O排放分别高达4.2 mg ·（kg ·d）^-1、1.4 mg ·kg^-1和14.3 mg ·kg^-1（以N计）;在低含水量条件下,茶园土壤显著降低了土壤NO排放,N₂O排放在各土壤间差异不显著,净硝化速率在XJ和T15处理之间无显著差异;土壤NO排放和净硝化速率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.②XJH净硝化速率高于XJL,茶园土壤呈相反趋势;XJ和T15的NO排放对水分的响应和净硝化速率趋势一致,高硝化速率促进NO排放,而T5处理NO排放受含水量影响不显著;相比低含水量处理,高含水量各处理显著促进N₂O排放.结果表明,土壤有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、pH和含水量是影响土壤净硝化速率、NO和N₂O排放的关键因子,高含水量条件下橡胶林转为茶园的种植模式显著降低了土壤净硝化速率和对环境的负面影响.     

论我国能源就地转化概念的完善

我国能源就地转化的概念虽已有两个定义,但它们没有完全反映能源就地转化本身所具有的内在特点和发展的必然趋势。通过对之进行深入研究,从能源就地转化扩大资源地能源与能源转化设备消费内需、调整资源地与能源消费地的经济结构、转变其经济增长方式、增强资源地的发展能力、缓解我国的能源运输压力和缩小我国地域间发展差距6个方面对之予以完善。