双管板换热器的设计与制造

根据双管板换热器的结构特点,从设计、制造、监造与使用维护方面全过程要点剖析,对主要重点进行系统性进行阐述,并与业内人士全方位交流与要点探讨。     

通风网络分支风量与风机频率及变频 灵敏度的关系研究

为了定量描述主要通风机变频调风时通风网络风量变化的差异性,推导了分支风量随频率变化的函数关系式,表明分支风量与风机频率呈一次函数关系,依此可以精准高效地进行变频调风,并预判待调分支是否满足调风要求以及对非待调分支风量变化的影响。提出了变频灵敏度的概念,定量地反映了通风网络各分支风量相对于频率变化的敏感程度,其值可用风量与频率函数的斜率表征。通过理论推导可知变频灵敏度与分支风量具有相同的数值分布规律,得出风量越大的分支在变频调风时风量改变量也越大的结论。分析了所述理论对矿井变频调风工作的指导作用,并通过矿井变频调风时的风网解算验证了理论的正确性。     

Removing ammonia from air with a constant pH,slightly acidic water spray wet scrubber using recycled scrubbing solution

Slightly acidic solutions are a practical means of removing ammonia from air Scrubbed NH₃ accumulates in solution as NH₄⁺ and should be an excellent fertilizer Increased air velocity decreased NH₃ removal and increased NH₄⁺ collection Previous research on wet scrubbers has only studied highly acidic scrubbing solutions because of their high ammonia capture efficiencies; however, the high acidity created practical problems. Lower acidity solutions would reduce corrosion, maintenance, and cost; however, designers may need to use strategies for increasing scrubber effectiveness, such as using lower air velocities. The objective of this study was to determine if a spray scrubber with slightly acidic and higher pH scrubbing solution (pH from 2 to 8) could effectively remove NH₃ from NH₃ laden air (such as animal building exhaust air), and also collect this valuable resource for later use as a fertilizer. A bench-scale spray wet scrubber treated 20 ppmv NH₃/air mixture in a countercurrent contact chamber. First, the solution pH was varied from 2 to 8 while maintaining constant air velocity at 1.3 m·s⁻¹. Next, air velocity was increased (2 and 3 m·s⁻¹) while solution pH remained constant at pH6. At 1.3 m·s⁻¹, NH₃ removal efficiencies ranged between 49.0% (pH8) and 84.3% (pH2). This study has shown that slightly acidic scrubbing solutions are a practical means of removing ammonia from air especially if the scrubber is designed to increase collisions between solution droplets and NH₃ molecules. The NH₃ removed from the air was held in solution as NH₄⁺ and accumulates over time so the solution should be an excellent fertilizer.     

2-CSTRs两相厌氧消化系统在不同乙醇回收率下的联合产能

以2-CSTRs(连续流搅拌釜式反应器)两相厌氧消化系统的能量转化率为主要研究对象,以氢气、乙醇及甲烷为目标产物,在不同有机负荷下,通过控制反应参数使产氢相反应器内部环境呈现乙醇型发酵状态,并将产氢相出水经回收乙醇后作为产甲烷相反应基质,研究在不同乙醇回收率下2-CSTRs两相厌氧消化系统产能效率.结果表明:当乙醇回收率在0~50%范围内时,系统产能率、能量转化率及基质降解率随乙醇回收率的增加而增加.当乙醇回收率控制在50%时系统可获得最佳运行结果,与未回收乙醇时相比,系统的日产能率平均高约32.63%,能量转化率平均高约17.53%,基质降解率平均高约12.85%.     

Biomarkers as tools to assess the chronic toxicity of ammonia in the juvenile Mugil cephalus

With juvenile fish as the subject, the effects of low concentration ammonia on antioxidant system were studied using Mugil cephalus. Samples of gill and liver tissue were obtained from 0.35, 0.70, 1.5 and 3?mg/L ammonia groups at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of exposure, at which times the biomarkers were measured. Results showed that gill malondialdehyde (MDA) content exhibited an initial significant increase (p?≤?0.05) at unionised ammonia concentrations of 0.70, 1.5 and 3.0?mg/L on day 5, followed by subsequent declines, while liver MDA levels exhibited significant increases (p?≤?0.05) at unionised ammonia concentrations of 1.5?mg/L starting on day 10 and at 3.0?mg/L starting on day 5. With exposure to ammonia at different concentrations, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in liver and gill decreased over time. The Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity was negatively related to ammonia concentration from 0.70 to 3.0?mg/L. Overall, our results show that MDA and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, evaluated here as potential biomarkers of ammonia exposure, exhibited responses to sublethal concentrations of ammonia that were concentration dependent.     

Ammonia removal from low-strength municipal wastewater by powdered resin combined with simultaneous recovery as struvite

• Powdered resin was employed for ammonia recovery from municipal wastewater. • Powdered resin achievedefficient ammonia removal under various working conditions. • Co-existing cations indicated competitive adsorption of ammonia. • Ammonia was recoveredby two-stage crystallization coupled with ion exchange. Low-strength municipal wastewater is considered to be a recoverable nutrient resource with economic and environmental benefits. Thus, various technologies for nutrient removal and recovery have been developed. In this paper, powdered ion exchange resin was employed for ammonia removal and recovery from imitated low-strength municipal wastewater. The effects of various working conditions (powdered resin dosage, initial concentration, and pH value) were studied in batch experiments to investigate the feasibility of the approach and to achieve performance optimization. The maximum adsorption capacity determined by the Langmuir model was 44.39 mg/g, which is comparable to traditional ion exchange resin. Further, the effects of co-existing cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺) were studied. Based on the above experiments, recovery of ammonia as struvite was successfully achieved by a proposed two-stage crystallization process coupled with a powdered resin ion exchange process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) results revealed that struvite crystals were successfully gained in alkaline conditions (pH= 10). This research demonstrates that a powdered resin and two-stage crystallization process provide an innovative and promising means for highly efficient and easy recovery from low-strength municipal wastewater.     

车用催化转化器起燃温度的数值模拟

车用催化转化器是降低汽车排气污染物浓度的主要装置.起燃温度是催化转化器的重要特性之一,它表明催化器在多高的温度下有较高转化率.数值模拟研究催化转化器的性能可以减少实验量,指导和优化催化器的设计.建立了催化转化器一维稳态转化率的数学模型,对起燃温度特性曲线进行模拟.数值模拟结果与实验测量值较吻合.这说明,建立的数学模型可以用来模拟起燃温度特性曲线.用该模型考察了空速、载体长度、催化剂比表面积、载体导热系数以及壁厚等因素对起燃温度特性曲线的影响.结果表明,空速越大,催化转化器的起燃温度越高;增大载体长度和催化剂比表面积有利于降低起燃温度;载体导热系数和壁厚的大小对起燃温度几乎没有影响.     

WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL BY VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ON WESTERN RANGELANDS1

Increasing water for onsite and offsite uses can be a viable objective for management of certain western rangelands. One approach utilizes water harvesting techniques to increase surface runoff by preventing or slowing infiltration of rain. An attractive alternative, where applicable, is to replace vegetation that uses much water with plants that use less so that more water percolates through the soil to streams and ground water. Most sites are too dry to increase water yield in this way; probably less than 1 percent of the western rangelands can be managed for this purpose. However, where annual precipitation exceeds about 450 mm (18 inches) and deep-rooted shrubs can be replaced by shallow-rooted grasses, there is potential to increase streamflows and to improve forage for livestock. Little or no increase can be expected by eradication of low-density brush and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Potentials for improving water yield are reviewed and summarized by vegetation types.     

职业噪声暴露测量方法探讨

噪声暴露是声压级与作用时间的综合结果。出于对听力保护的目的,积极推行声暴露的测量方法十分必要。本文通过对等效连续A计权声级、噪声暴露量、噪声剂量的测量和换算提出了对现行标准的理解和应用。     

The Use of Cluster Analysis in Distinguishing Farmland Prone to Residential Development: A Case Study of Sterling, Massachusetts

k -means nonhierarchical cluster analysis using farm size, slope, and distance to the nearest city center and highway as surrogates of farmland conversion. Discriminant analysis showed that the two groups derived from the cluster analysis were 98.8% accurate (P < 0.0000). Results from the statistical analysis may serve as a starting point for the identification of individual farms prone to residential development. To explain the driving forces of farmland conversion to residential uses, interviews should be conducted with farmers, landowners, and land buyers. The use of multivariate statistical techniques to identify farms in jeopardy of residential development, in conjunction with qualitative assessments that explain the probability of development of individual farms, may prove a useful strategy to understand and predict farmland conversion.