三峡库区“耕—果”转换时空变化特征及其启示——以草堂溪流域为例

三峡库区坡耕地如何实现功能转型,及其转型过程的作用机制对库区未来的粮食安全、生态安全等问题意义重大。本文利用0.51 m高清遥感影像数据,以草堂溪流域为研究区,结合野外实地考察,通过分析坡耕地向经果林的农地用途转换过程来揭示三峡库区坡耕地功能转型的内在机制。研究表明：（1）草堂溪流域的耕—果转换重心在2012年后,以高程800 m为拐点由西南部低海拔平坝地区向东北部高海拔、坡耕地覆盖地区转移,变化发生点均在坡度 15°~30°范围内;（2）研究区耕—果转换的集聚特征一般发生在8.5 km左右的特征尺度上,且空间分布随时间推移愈发均匀;（3）耕—果转换现象与人为活动关系密切,多发生在河流、道路及农村居民点附近;（4）耕—果转换可在微观与宏观尺度上总结为六种变化模式,受社会经济与自然因素驱动,库区耕—果转换的本质为坡耕地功能转型,且转型重点倾向于经济效益与生态效益的共赢。     

不同水平外源碳在稻田土壤中转化与分配的微生物响应特征

外源碳会改变土壤有机质的转化以及土壤微生物的活性,不同水平的易利用有机碳在稻田土壤中转化与分配的微生物响应特征尚不明确.为阐释外源碳周转过程中的微生物响应特征,选取葡萄糖为典型易利用外源碳,采用13C稳定同位素标记技术,在室内模拟培养实验,基于土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)设置不同水平葡萄糖碳(0×MBC、0. 5×MBC、1×MBC、3×MBC和5×MBC共5个MBC倍数梯度水平),明确其转化与分配规律;并利用96微孔酶标板荧光分析法,测定参与土壤碳转化过程关键酶纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-Glu)活性.结果表明,培养2 d时,葡萄糖碳(13C)占可溶性有机碳(13C-DOC)和土壤有机碳(13C-SOC)的比例与其添加量成显著正相关;向13C-MBC的分配在3×MBC处理时达到最大值(18. 96 mg·kg-1),随后降低;13C分配率主要与MBC、Olsen-P和DOC存在显著正相关关系. 60 d时,土壤13C-DOC、13C-MBC和13C-SOC显著下降,分别小于或等于0. 02、2和10 mg·kg-1;与CK相比,添加葡萄糖后CBH酶活性显著提高,其中3×MBC处理提高了22. 6倍,显著高于其它处理(P 0. 05);高量葡萄糖(3×MBC和5×MBC)添加促进了β-Glu酶活性,但促进效果随葡萄糖添加量的增加而减少; NH+4-N、p H、β-Glu和CBH成为13C分配率的主要影响因子.综上,外源碳向土壤有机碳的转化随添加量的增加而增加,改变了土壤酶活性,但微生物对外源碳的利用可能存在一个饱和阈值,饱和阈值之内,有机质的转化速率与添加量成正比;超出饱和阈值,有机质的转化速率反而变慢.因此,适量地添加外源碳有利于提高稻田土壤有机碳,优化作物生长环境质量.     

Responses of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms to biochar and compost amendments of heavy metals-polluted soil

Heavy metal pollution affects soil ecological function. Biochar and compost can effectively remediate heavy metals and increase soil nutrients. The effects and mechanisms of biochar and compost amendments on soil nitrogen cycle function in heavy-metal contaminated soils are not fully understood. This study examined how biochar, compost, and their integrated use affected ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in heavy metal polluted soil. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB). Ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) activity was evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results showed that compost rather than biochar improved nitrogen conversion in soil. Biochar, compost, or their integrated application significantly reduced the effective Zn and Cd speciation. Adding compost obviously increased As and Cu effective speciation, bacterial 16S rRNA abundance, and AMO activity. AOB, stimulated by compost addition, was significantly more abundant than AOA throughout remediation. Correlation analysis showed that AOB abundance positively correlated with NO₃^?-N (r = 0.830, P < 0.01), and that AMO activity had significant correlation with EC (r = -0.908, P < 0.01) and water-soluble carbon (r = -0.868, P < 0.01). Those seem to be the most vital factors affecting AOB community and their function in heavy metal-polluted soil remediated by biochar and compost.     

黄土丘陵区退耕还林对土壤真菌群落的影响

退耕还林显著影响了黄土高原土壤细菌群落结构与组成特征.然而,作为土壤微生物群落的重要组成部分,黄土高原土壤真菌落结构与组成特征如何响应退耕还林并不十分清楚.以山西省右玉县贾家窑黄土高原缓坡丘陵为研究区域,以耕地(玉米地和糜子地)和人工林地(沙棘林和柠条林)土壤为研究对象,通过18S rRNA高通量测序技术,研究了退耕还林对土壤真菌群落结构与组成特征的影响.结果发现,黄土高原丘陵区耕地和林地土壤中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)占绝对优势(61.03%～78.06%),毛霉门(Mucoromycota)次之(12.11%～17.13%),担子菌门(Basidiomycota)再次之(6.15%～18.42%),壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)等其余真菌门的相对丰度较低.退耕还林显著降低了子囊菌门的相对丰度而增加了担子菌门的相对丰度.属分类水平下,退耕还林显著影响了毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)、被孢霉属(Mortierella)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)和地舌菌属(Geoglossum)等的丰度.镰刀菌属(Fusarium)等植物病原性真菌在耕地土壤中被富集.非度量多维尺度...     

郑州市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及来源解析

为探究郑州大气细颗粒物PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子(WSIIs)的污染特征、季节变化和来源,有针对性地防治PM_2.5的污染,2020年12月至2021年10月4个不同季节连续采集PM_2.5样品,并结合气态污染物(SO₂、 NO₂和O₃)和气象因素(温度和相对湿度)对9种WSIIs(NO^-₃、 NH⁺₄、 SO₄^2-、 Ca²⁺、 K⁺、 Na⁺、 Mg²⁺、 F^-和Cl^-)进行分析.结果表明,观测期ρ[总水溶性离子(TWSIIs)]年均值为(39.34±21.56)μg·m^-3,呈现出冬季最高、夏季最低的季节变化特征.全年PM_2.5均稍微偏碱性,NH     

糖厂高浓度有机废水的转化利用

糖厂生产酒精过程产生的废水一般含COD10～12万mg/L,BOD56～8万mg/L,属高浓度有机废水,极难治理。国内外提出过多种治理技术,但由于投资和运行费用太高,很难在实际的治理过程应用。近几年出现的冲灰水吸附技术在糖厂高浓度的治理过程中得到一定的应用,但对该技术所涉及的有关计算数据,治理处理前后高浓度有机废水和炉灰的物理、化学成分,废水减少量等参数未进行系统的监测和研究。并重点对糖厂高浓度有机废水在水膜除尘器中循环的有关转化利用进行了理论计算,同时对实际运行过程中的水量平衡进行了测算,理论计算的结果与实测结果基本吻合。为冲灰水吸附技术治理糖厂高浓度有机废水提供了理论支持。     

基本农田保护区耕地换算系数测算方法与应用

本文针对目前耕地有统计面积和详查面积两种数据，且多数地方确定基本农田保护的数量指标以统计面积为依据的实际，研究了实现由耕地统计面积转变为详查面积的换算系数及其测算方法，并以乐至县为例，测算了该县基本农田保护区耕地换算系数，收到了较好效果．     

Vegetation Type Conversion in Los Peñasquitos Lagoon,California: An Examination of the Role of Watershed Urbanization

Environmental Management - The objective of this study was to examine the role that watershed urbanization has played in changes to the vegetation types within Los Peñasquitos Lagoon, San...     

皖西大别山区资源转化模式探讨

皖西大别山区处于亚热带湿润季风气候区和半湿润季风气候区的过渡地带,生物资源种类较多;但是,作为主体的林业资源已严重萎缩。当地人们在生存与生产活动中正在寻求资源转化的延伸与替代。其资源转化的基本模式是:资源—产品—商品—货币—资源。前段注重于开发利用,后段注重于保护增值。每个环节,在不同的时间与空间都会有一定的替代内容。今后应采取有效措施,促成资源转化模式的适度组配,以保证山区农民在开发利用与保护增值资源的辩证统一中,尽快脱贫致富。     

Modern Biomass Conversion Technologies

This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of key biomass conversion technologies currently deployed and technologies that may play a key role in the future, including possible linkage to CO₂ capture and sequestration technology (CCS). In doing so, special attention is paid to production of biofuels for the transport sector, because this is likely to become the key emerging market for large-scale sustainable biomass use. Although the actual role of bio-energy will depend on its competitiveness with fossil fuels and on agricultural policies worldwide, it seems realistic to expect that the current contribution of bio-energy of 40–55 EJ per year will increase considerably. A range from 200 to 300 EJ may be observed looking well into this century, making biomass a more important energy supply option than mineral oil today. A key issue for bio-energy is that its use should be modernized to fit into a sustainable development path. Especially promising are the production of electricity via advanced conversion concepts (i.e. gasification and state-of-the-art combustion and co-firing) and modern biomass derived fuels like methanol, hydrogen and ethanol from ligno-cellulosic biomass, which can reach competitive cost levels within 1–2 decades (partly depending on price developments with petroleum). Sugar cane based ethanol production already provides a competitive biofuel production system in tropical regions and further improvements are possible. Flexible energy systems, in which biomass and fossil fuels can be used in combination, could be the backbone for a low risk, low cost and low carbon emission energy supply system for large scale supply of fuels and power and providing a framework for the evolution of large scale biomass raw material supply systems. The gasification route offers special possibilities to combine this with low cost CO₂ capture (and storage), resulting in concepts that are both flexible with respect to primary fuel input as well as product mix and with the possibility of achieving zero or even negative carbon emissions. Prolonged RD&D efforts and biomass market development, consistent policy support and international collaboration are essential to achieve this.