Gasification of Inferior Coal with High Ash Content under CO2 and O2/H2O Atmospheres

The gasification reaction of Nantong inferior coal was investigated in a laboratory fixed-bed reactor under CO₂ and O₂/H₂O atmospheres. The effects of the bed temperature and inlet-gas concentration on the yields of CO, H₂, and CH₄ were studied. The effects of coal ash and particle size on the fixed-carbon conversion were also investigated, and kinetic analysis was conducted with a homogeneous model. The product-gas-heating value and fixed-carbon conversion increased when the temperature was increased from 950 °C to 1100 °C under CO₂ atmosphere. When the inlet-CO₂ concentration was increased from 50 to 100 vol.%, the low heating value of the product gas and carbon conversion ratio slightly increased. During the gasification of inferior coal under the O₂/H₂O atmosphere, the CO concentration increased rapidly with increasing temperature. The H₂ and CH₄ concentrations increased initially and then decreased. The maximum gas heating value of 7934 kJ/m³ was obtained under the O₂ concentration of 70 vol.% at a bed temperature of 1050 °C. The cold-gas efficiency increased with increasing temperature and became 40.6% and 86.4% at 1100 °C under the CO₂ and O₂/H₂O atmospheres, respectively. The gasification reaction of the Nantong inferior coal strongly depended on the content of inherent inorganic matter. The gasification rates for both the CO₂ and O₂/H₂O atmospheres were independent of the particle size. The activation energy for the CO₂ and O₂/H₂O gasification reactions were 137 and 81 kJ/mol, respectively. The gasification reactions of the Nantong coal, which was performed under two different atmospheres, were compared and the reaction activity of the gasification reaction under CO₂ atmosphere was found to be much lower than that under the O₂/H₂O atmosphere.     

磷酸镁铵沉淀沉淀（MAP）法处理氨氮废水影响因素分析

磷酸镁铵是通过向氨氮废水中加入镁盐和磷酸盐,使Mg2＋、PO43-离子的药剂与氨氮废水中的NH4＋发生化学反应后生成磷酸镁铵（MgNH4P04·6H2O）,再通过重力沉淀或过滤得到MAP。但在整个反应过程中要受到pH值、反应时间、反应物配比等等因素影响。综合分析：pH值在9左右,温度在25℃-30℃,反应物配比值因氨氮废水产生的污染源不同而不同。     

间隔流动分析法测定水中的氨氮

充分利用间隔流动分析仪检测,速度快、自动化程度高的特点测定水中的氨氮,并将该方法与经典国标方法(纳氏试剂分光光度法)进行比对试验,F检验和t检验结果表明间隔流动分析方法与国标方法(纳氏试剂分光光度法)的精密度和准确度之间无显著性差异。     

空气和煤气吹脱法处理高氨氮废水的对比研究

研究了在实验室使用空气吹脱法去除高浓度氨氮废水的条件,通过正交实验得出其影响因素大小顺序为:废水pH>气液比r>废水温度tw>表面活性剂浓度c,最佳吹脱条件为pH=11.0,r=550,c=10mg/L,tw=75℃,最高氨氮去除效率达到71.4%。在某焦化厂以终冷塔后焦炉煤气为解吸介质,现场试验影响因素大小顺序为:o废水pH>废水温度tw>气液比r>煤气温度tg>表面活性剂浓度c,最佳吹脱条件为pH=11.5,tw=90℃,r=650,tg=55℃,c=20mg/L。为煤气吹脱解吸回收氨工艺的应用提出了建议。     

碱氨蚀刻废液处理方法研究

论述了碱氨蚀刻废液处理方法的试验研究．研究包括碱法回收氢氧化铜，酸法回收胆矾和电解法回收金属铜等三种方法．     

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Abstract

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shandong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.     

变频调速技术在高炉出铁场除尘中的应用

介绍了变频调速技术，结合实例论述了出铁场除尘系统采用此技术的经济性，并与其他调节方式作了比较，证明其在技术上及经济上均较优越。     

脲酶抑制剂NBPT提前施用对尿素水解和氨挥发的影响

采用室内模拟培养试验,研究了脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)比尿素提前施用不同天数(1、3、5 d)对土壤尿素残留量、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)含量、脲酶活性及氨(NH_3)挥发的影响。结果表明,提前3 d施用NBPT效果最优,能使整个培养期(0~20 d)土壤脲酶活性保持较低水平,土壤中尿素完全水解的时间由单施尿素的7 d延长至15~20 d,可使土壤在培养末期(20 d)保持较高水平的NH+4-N含量,同时使NH_3挥发峰值出现时间比单施尿素推迟4 d、峰值强度降低74.5%、培养期内NH_3~-N累积挥发量降低53.5%。     

MTO废催化剂SAPO-34的再生

采用干凝胶转化法对甲醇制烯烃(MTO)废催化剂SAPO-34进行再生,将SAPO-34分子筛晶化所需的硅、铝、磷原料同时作为黏结剂使用,经干凝胶转化制备出再生催化剂,并对催化剂进行了表征及MTO反应活性评价。表征结果显示,再生催化剂的晶体结构、微观形貌、粒径分布、孔结构、耐磨性及酸中心均得到了恢复与改善,磨损指数可达0.35%/h。实验结果表明:在催化剂加入量为1.0 g、进气中甲醇质量分数为95%、甲醇质量空速为3 h-1、反应温度为450℃、反应压力为常压的条件下,再生催化剂的甲醇转化率接近100%,双烯(乙烯和丙烯)选择性较废催化剂提高了约3百分点,可达87%以上;同时,再生催化剂的寿命也较废催化剂有了明显改善。     

O_2/CO_2半焦煤燃料N向NO转化规律试验研究

在立式管式炉燃烧试验装置上,O_2/CO_2燃烧条件下,对半焦煤在不同温度及氧气浓度对燃料N向NO转化规律进行研究。结果表明:ρ(O_2)∶ρ(CO_2)=1∶4燃烧气氛,1 000℃时,NO生成曲线表现出双峰结构趋势,温度升高后,双峰均变为单峰,NO生成总量降低,燃料N向NO转化率降低,N转化率达稳定时刻的时间向前推移60 s;温度维持1 000℃恒温,各氧气浓度条件下均有双峰结构,燃料N转化率随氧气浓度升高,N转化率基本保持不变,只有在ρ(O_2)∶ρ(CO_2)=4∶6时,表现出降低趋势,N转化率达稳定的时间向后延迟210 s。