检察院参与生态环境损害赔偿磋商的空间与角色选择

生态环境损害赔偿磋商从试点到全国推行,其地位愈加重要。当前,对于生态环境损害赔偿磋商的性质有颇多争议,其性质决定了是否需要第三力以及需要何种第三力,而在公法说、私法说、双阶构造说、三阶进阶说之上构建的生态环境损害赔偿磋商虽不相同,但建立磋商监督制度与磋商共同参与制度是其共同指向的完善路径,即检察院可作为第三力监督、参与磋商全过程。横向比较各省份对于检察院参与生态环境损害赔偿磋商的立法规定,总体看来检察院在此制度中地位不明、存在边缘化倾向,而实践中检察院具有协调跨区域磋商与促进赔偿义务之履行的作用,且生态环境损害赔偿磋商法律体系为检察院的监督与参与预留了空间,检察院可以法律监督者、公益代表者、社会治理者的身份参与,三种角色在不同阶段相互补充。     

Media Framing of Zoos and Aquaria: From Conservation to Animal Rights

Zoos and aquaria are controversial institutions, vilified by animal rights activists and championed by those who value their entertainment and educational resources. Examining media frames of these institutions can identify public perspectives. A qualitative content analysis was conducted for print and online magazine articles that discussed zoos and aquaria in North America. Sixty-five articles were analysed, and eight different frames were identified. The diverse frames highlight the differing roles of zoos and aquaria. Most of the articles were positive and supportive of zoos; 11% were negative. Animal welfare was the most common frame, from both positive and negative perspectives. Other frames, such as conservation and education, were less prevalent in the sample than expected, since zoos and aquaria portray themselves to be leaders in these fields. The unbalanced media discourse and small publication rate over the four years sampled suggest opportunities for increased media engagement on zoos and aquaria.     

新型城镇化背景下失地农民福利变化研究

基于森的可行能力理论,从经济状况、居住条件、居住环境、社会保障及社会机会等方面构建失地农民福利评价指标体系。并进一步基于农地价值理论视角,将失地农民可获得的福利划分为经济福利、社会福利和生态福利3个部分。在此基础上利用江苏省苏州市、南通市及宿迁市540户农户调查数据对征地前后农民福利水平进行测度,以探索不同城镇化发展阶段土地征收对失地农民福利变化的影响。结果表明:(1)由于实行了"土地换社保"征地补偿方式,苏州市和南通市目前处于城镇化发展改革阶段,且前者在"人的城镇化"方面更为成熟;宿迁市采取一次性货币补偿方式,仍处于传统城镇化发展阶段。(2)苏州市和南通市失地农民福利水平呈上升趋势,总模糊指数分别从0.444、0.369上升到0.529、0.385;宿迁市样本农户福利水平则有所下降。(3)除苏州市外,南通市和宿迁市样本农户的经济福利均出现下降,下降幅度分别为36.1%、34.5%;三个地区失地农民社会福利均有所提升,且苏州市和南通市农户福利改善程度明显优于宿迁市;生态福利方面,除南通市外,苏州市和宿迁市均出现下降。(4)传统城镇化发展模式下,失地农民的福利水平明显受损,城镇化改革一定程度上缓解了农民福利受损,尤其是社会福利得到较大提升。加快新型城镇化建设,真正实现"土地城镇化"与"人口城镇化"同步发展,在提高征地补偿标准的同时,政府还需通过完善失地农民社会保障体系、加强就业指导培训、提供一定就业安置等途径实现征地补偿方式多元化,并加大对农村基础设施、配套设施、环境保护等的投入。     

西湖与青山水库底栖动物群落的研究

通过对杭州市的两个主要水体西湖和青山水库的底栖动物群落包括种类组成、优势种群、生物量等的比较研究。西湖和青山水库底栖动物群落主要由寡毛类和摇蚊幼虫组成 ,存在适应低溶氧、耐有机污染的种群。从底栖动物群落生态学角度评价了西湖和青山水库水体的营养化程度。     

Prior contest information: mechanisms underlying winner and loser effects

Animals’ contest performance is influenced by their recent contest experiences. This influence could either be exerted by individuals re-estimating their own fighting ability (self-assessment) or by their opponents responding to status-related cues (social-cue mechanism) or both. Individuals of Kryptolebias marmoratus, a hermaphroditic killifish, were given different contest experiences to examine how two opponents’ prior experiences combined to determine their contest interaction and to test both of these mechanisms as potential causes of the observed experience effect. Our data showed that losers’ decisions to retreat at different stages of a contest were influenced by their own but not by the winners’ contest experience—a result consistent with self-assessment but not with the social-cue mechanism. An association between the fish initiating and winning contests thus probably arose because both were correlated with an individual’s assessment of its fighting ability, but not because initiating contests made opponents more inclined to retreat.     

Using accelerometer,high sample rate GPS and magnetometer data to develop a cattle movement and behaviour model

The study described in this paper developed a model of animal movement, which explicitly recognised each individual as the central unit of measure. The model was developed by learning from a real dataset that measured and calculated, for individual cows in a herd, their linear and angular positions and directional and angular speeds. Two learning algorithms were implemented: a Hidden Markov model (HMM) and a long-term prediction algorithm. It is shown that a HMM can be used to describe the animal's movement and state transition behaviour within several “stay” areas where cows remained for long periods. Model parameters were estimated for hidden behaviour states such as relocating, foraging and bedding. For cows’ movement between the “stay” areas a long-term prediction algorithm was implemented. By combining these two algorithms it was possible to develop a successful model, which achieved similar results to the animal behaviour data collected. This modelling methodology could easily be applied to interactions of other animal species.     

生态环境中的畜牧业污染问题

畜牧业的生产和发展推进了社会的发展,但同时也造成了生态环境的污染,给人类及其他生物的健康生存构成了很大威胁（ 危害） ,况且这一问题已日趋突出。本文旨在介绍畜牧污染的危害及其特点,以期引起全社会的广泛关注,并提请有关方面给予高度重视     

The impact of heavy metal pollution gradients in sediments on benthic macrofauna at population and community levels

The effect of sediment pollution on benthos was investigated in the vicinity of a large sewage treatment outflow at Incheon North Harbor, Korea. Animal size, vertical distribution and standard community parameters were analyzed along a 3 km transect line (n = 7). Univariate parameters showed a general trend of increasing species diversity with increasing distance from the pollution source. Multi-dimensional scaling analysis led to the clear separation of 3 locational groups, supporting gradient-dependent faunal composition. The innermost location was dominated by small sub-surface dwellers while the outer locations by large mid to deep burrowers. Looking for the size-frequency distribution, most abundance species (Heteromastus filiformis) showed the presence of larger size animals with increasing proximity to the pollution source. Meanwhile, species-specific vertical distributions, regardless of the pollution gradient, indicated that such shifts were due to species replacement resulting from a higher tolerance to pollutants over some species.     

Exponential Growth, Animal Welfare, Environmental and Food Safety Impact: The Case of China’s Livestock Production

Developmental states are criticized for rapid “industrialization without enlightenment.” In the last 30 years, China’s breathtaking growth has been achieved at a high environmental and food safety cost. This article, utilizing a recent survey of China’s livestock industry, illustrates the initiating role of China’s developmental state in the exponential expansion of the country’s livestock production. The enthusiastic response of the livestock industry to the many state policy incentives has made China the world’s biggest animal farming nation. Shortage of meat and dairy supply is history. Yet, the Chinese government is facing new challenges of no less a threat to political stability. Production intensification has created a welfare crisis impacting the world’s biggest number of farm animals. The resulting food safety incidents are affecting consumer confidence and health. Untreated waste contributes to the nation’s environmental degradation. Developmental states may have a proud record of growth in the initial stage of industrialization. Their prospects for sustained development have long been questioned. China has come to an important juncture to march towards a sustained development.     

Do lagoons near concentrated animal feeding operations promote nitrous oxide supersaturation?

Animal wastewater lagoons nearby concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) represent the latest tendency in global animal farming, severely impacting the magnitude of greenhouse gas emissions, including nitrous oxide (N₂O). We hypothesized that lagoon wastewater could be supersaturated with N₂O as part of incomplete microbial nitrification/denitrification processes, thereby regulating the N₂O partitioning in the gaseous phase. The objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the magnitude of dissolved N₂O concentrations in the lagoon; and (ii) to determine the extent to which supersaturation of N₂O occurs in wastewater lagoons. Dissolved N₂O concentrations in the wastewater samples were high, ranging from 0.4 to 40.5 μg N₂O mL⁻¹. Calculated dissolved N₂O concentrations from the experimentally measured partition coefficients were much greater than those typically expected in aquatic systems (<∼0.6 μg N₂O mL⁻¹). Knowledge of the factors controlling the magnitude of N₂O supersaturation could potentially bridge mass balance differences between in situ measurements and global N₂O models.