新疆草地资源特征与生态治理

从新疆草地资源发生条件分析其多样性,对草地退化进行了生态分析,提出了草地生态恢复的生态置换理论与实施方案。     

树脂相分光光度法测定水中痕量苦味酸

建立了树脂相分光光度法测定水中痕量苦味酸的新方法。该法灵敏度高,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.08×105L/(mol·cm);精密度理想(测定苦味酸质量浓度为5μg/mL的实验5次,相对标准偏差为1.0%);线性范围为0～7.0μg/mL;以3σ衡量,检出限为0.14μg/mL;加标回收率为97%～103%。采用该法直接测定水样中的苦味酸、间接测定烟草中的烟碱,结果令人满意。     

Information Network Topologies for Enhanced Local Adaptive Management

We examined the principal effects of different information network topologies for local adaptive management of natural resources. We used computerized agents with adaptive decision algorithms with the following three fundamental constraints: (1) Complete understanding of the processes maintaining the natural resource can never be achieved, (2) agents can only learn by experimentation and information sharing, and (3) memory is limited. The agents were given the task to manage a system that had two states: one that provided high utility returns (desired) and one that provided low returns (undesired). In addition, the threshold between the states was close to the optimal return of the desired state. We found that networks of low to moderate link densities significantly increased the resilience of the utility returns. Networks of high link densities contributed to highly synchronized behavior among the agents, which caused occasional large-scale ecological crises between periods of stable and high utility returns. A constructed network involving a small set of experimenting agents was capable of combining high utility returns with high resilience, conforming to theories underlying the concept of adaptive comanagement. We conclude that (1) the ability to manage for resilience (i.e., to stay clear of the threshold leading to the undesired state as well as the ability to re-enter the desired state following a collapse) resides in the network structure and (2) in a coupled social–ecological system, the systemwide state transition occurs not because the ecological system flips into the undesired state, but because managers lose their capacity to reorganize back to the desired state. An erratum to this article can be found at .     

氨化松香基交联聚合树脂对水中诺氟沙星的吸附性能

将松香基功能高分子进行胺基化得到氨化松香基交联聚合树脂(aminated rosin-based resin,ARBR),采用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)和比表面分析(BET)对ARBR进行了表征.利用ARBR树脂对水中诺氟沙星(NOR)吸附去除,系统研究了树脂投加量、pH值、接触时间、离子强度和温度等因素对NOR吸附性能的影响.结果表明,pH在2.0~6.0范围内,ABRA对NOR的去除效果随着溶液pH值的增加而升高,在8~10之间则呈现下降趋势;共存离子溶液的存在对ARBR去除NOR的行为总体上表现为促进作用.ARBR对水中诺氟沙星的吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型.Langmuir等温吸附模型可较好地描述ARBR对水中NOR的吸附过程,理论最大吸附量为30.29 mg·g~(-1)(pH 6.0、20℃).吸附热力学分析表明,ARBR对水中诺氟沙星的吸附是自发吸热的过程,属于物理吸附,其吸附机制主要为氢键与静电作用.脱附再生实验发现,0.1 mol·L~(-1)HCl溶液效果明显优于其它脱附液,进一步确证了氢键在吸附中的主导作用;经过5次吸附-脱附循环后,对NOR仍具有稳定的吸附性能,可再生循环使用.对比了不同类型商品化树脂,ARBR具有较好的吸附效果.该研究结果拓展了松香高值化的应用研究领域,对开发松香在环境微污染控制中的应用具有理论指导意义.     

Removal of perfluorinated surfactants from wastewater by adsorption and ion exchange——Influence of material properties,sorption mechanism and modeling

Perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS) has attracted increasing concern in recent years due to its world-wide distribution, persistence, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity. The influence of sorbent properties on the adsorptive elimination of PFOS from wastewater by activated carbons, polymer adsorbents and anion exchange resins was investigated with regard to their isotherms and kinetics. The batch and column tests were combined with physicochemical characterization methods, e.g., N_2 physisorption, mercury porosimetry, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, titrations, as well as modeling. Sorption kinetics was successfully modelled applying the linear driving force(LDF) approach for surface diffusion after introducing a load dependency of the mass transfer coefficient βs.The big difference in the initial mass transfer coefficient βs,0, when non-functionalized adsorbents and ion-exchange resins are compared, suggests that the presence of functional groups impedes the intraparticle mass transport. The more functional groups a resin possesses and the longer the alkyl moieties are the bigger is the decrease in sorption rate.But the selectivity for PFOS sorption is increasing when the character of the functional groups becomes more hydrophobic. Accordingly, ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction were found to be involved in the sorption processes on resins, while PFOS is only physisorptively bound to activated carbons and polymer adsorbents. In agreement with the different adsorption mechanisms, resins possess higher total sorption capacities than adsorbents. Hence, the latter ones are rendered more effective in PFOS elimination at concentrations in the low μg/L range, due to a less pronounced convex curvature of the sorption isotherm in this concentration range.     

Simultaneous removal of Cu(II) and Cr(VI) by Mg–Al–Cl layered double hydroxide and mechanism insight

Mg–Al–Cl layered double hydroxide (Cl-LDH) was prepared to simultaneously remove Cu(II) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The coexisting Cu(II) (20 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (40 mg/L) were completely removed within 30 min by Cl-LDH in a dosage of 2.0 g/L; the removal rate of Cu(II) was accelerated in the presence of Cr(VI). Moreover, compared with the adsorption of single Cu(II) or Cr(VI), the adsorption capacities of Cl-LDH for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) can be improved by 81.05% and 49.56%, respectively, in the case of coexisting Cu(II) (200 mg/L) and Cr(VI) (400 mg/L). The affecting factors (such as solution initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) have been systematically investigated. Besides, the changes of pH values and the concentrations of Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ in relevant solutions were monitored. To get the underlying mechanism, the Cl-LDH samples before and after adsorption were thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On the basis of these analyses, a possible mechanism was proposed. The coadsorption process involves anion exchange of Cr(VI) with Cl⁻ in Cl-LDH interlayer, isomorphic substitution of Mg²⁺ with Cu²⁺, formation of Cu₂Cl(OH)₃ precipitation, and the adsorption of Cr(VI) by Cu₂Cl(OH)₃. This work provides a new insight into simultaneous removal of heavy metal cations and anions from wastewater by Cl-LDH.     

Capability of cation exchange technology to remove proven N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors

N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) precursors consist of a positively charged dimethylamine group and a non-polar moiety, which inspired us to develop a targeted cation exchange technology to remove NDMA precursors. In this study, we tested the removal of two representative NDMA precursors, dimethylamine(DMA) and ranitidine(RNTD), by strong acidic cation exchange resin. The results showed that pH greatly affected the exchange efficiency, with high removal(DMA 78% and RNTD 94%) observed at pH pk_a-1 when the molar ratio of exchange capacity to precursor was 4. The exchange order was obtained as follows: Ca~(2+) Mg~(2+) RNTD~+ K~+ DMA~+ NH_4~+ Na~+. The partition coefficient of DMA~+to Na~+was 1.41 ± 0.26, while that of RNTD~+to Na~+was 12.1 ± 1.9. The pseudo second-order equation fitted the cation exchange kinetics well. Bivalent inorganic cations such as Ca~(2+)were found to have a notable effect on NA precursor removal in softening column test. Besides DMA and RNTD, cation exchange process also worked well for removing other 7 model NDMA precursors. Overall, NDMA precursor removal can be an added benefit of making use of cation exchange water softening processes.     

离子交换膜的制备及发展趋势研究

总结当前离子交换膜制备技术的发展状况.从膜的分类及膜性能出发,讨论均相膜及异相膜的差异和今后各自的发展前景,并就提升膜单方面性能(如:选择透过性、离子交换容量、膜电阻、抗氧化性等)的方式进行归纳总结.离子交换膜的改进制备大多从结构上入手,提出今后膜制备的主要研究方向为:深化均相膜制备技术、结合国内成熟的离子交换树脂制备工艺改进异相膜的制备技术.     

氯化磁性凹土树脂的制备与表征研究

利用表面负载的方法将有机化磁性凹土与苯乙烯、二乙烯苯等制备磁性凹土树脂;对磁性凹土树脂进行氯甲基化改性,制备出氯化磁性凹土树脂.表征了样品的形貌、结构以及表面积,研究了树脂对天然有机物(腐殖酸)的吸附性能.结果表明:氯化后的磁性凹土树脂的比表面积是原有的1.9倍,对附腐殖酸的饱和吸附能力也从原有的41.84 mg/g提高到了51.02 mg/g,这表明改性后的树脂增强了其对腐殖酸的去除能力.     

Identification of key factors governing chemistry in groundwater near the water course recharged by reclaimed water at Miyun County, Northern China

Reclaimed water was successfully used to recover the dry Chaobai River in Northern China, but groundwater may be polluted. To ensure groundwater protection, it is therefore critical to identify the governing factors of groundwater chemistry. Samples of reclaimed water, river and groundwater were collected monthly at Chaobai River from January to September in 2010. Fifteen water parameters were analyzed. Two kinds of reclaimed water were different in type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 or Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 ) and concentration of nitrogen. The ionic concentration and type in river were similar to reclaimed water. Some shallow wells near the river bed had the same type (Na-Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO3 ) and high concentration as reclaimed water, but others were consistent with the deep wells (Ca-Mg-HCO3 ). Using cluster analysis, the 9 months were divided into two periods (dry and wet seasons), and all samples were grouped into several spatial clusters, indicating different controlling mechanisms. Principal component analysis and conventional ionic plots showed that calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were controlled by water-rock interaction in all deep and some shallow wells. This included the dissolution of calcite and carbonate weathering. Sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfate in river and some shallow wells recharged by river were governed by evaporation crystallization and mixing of reclaimed water. But groundwater chemistry was not controlled by precipitation. During the infiltration of reclaimed water, cation exchange took place between (sodium, potassium) and (calcium, magnesium). Nitrification and denitrification both happened in most shallow groundwater, but only denitrification in deep groundwater.