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11.
Bernt-Erik Sæther Reidar Andersen Hans Christian Pedersen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1993,33(3):147-150
Summary The fitness of a parent in an altricial bird species is likely to be a function of the proportion of resources allocated to offspring production in relation to the amount spent on its own survival. Here we report an experiment on the Antarctic petrel in which we manipulated the costs of rearing an offspring by placing small lead loads on the legs of one parent. The bird could then either decrease its own body reserves or reduce the food load to the chick. The manipulated birds decreased their food load and increased the feeding interval, compared with unmanipulated birds. Consequently, the rate of chick loss increased. No significant difference was found between the body weights of experimental and control birds during the experiment.Publication no. 113 from the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 1989/90
Correspondence to: B.-E. Sæther 相似文献
12.
南极内陆地区以其特殊的地理位置和特有的生态环境在研究全球变化尤其是气候变化中发挥不可替代的作用.随着越来越多的科考站在南极内陆地区建立,人类活动对南极环境的不利影响的程度和性质正在发生范围的扩散和层次的转移.本研究以中国昆仑站为例,依据不同类型活动的发生概率、范围、持续时间,严重程度的不同,对在南极内陆地区建立科考站所产生的环境影响进行了综合分析,结果表明,科考站的建设和运行对南极内陆环境及其附属的生态系统带来了不可避免的负效应,提出相关减缓措施以期尽可能减缓不良的环境影响,这不仅为日后南极科考活动提供规范化指导,还为南极内陆地区环境污染的控制及管理和可持续发展提供参考. 相似文献
13.
14.
利用2006年南极威德尔海西北海域冬末春初的冰芯晶体结构,和302组冰芯温度、盐度、密度、叶绿素-a、脱镁叶绿素数据,以及冰底面叶绿素a垂直分布数据,进一步确定积雪/海冰厚度、冰内温度、盐度、密度对冰内和冰下叶绿素a的贡献.利用环境制约与生态平衡原理,阐明积雪/海冰厚度通过阻碍光通量对冰底叶绿素的效应,以及卤水体积通过冰温度和盐度体现对冰藻细胞活性的抑制作用.统计分析不仅确立了南极海冰冰内卤水体积-内叶绿素a的逻辑斯蒂上限含量曲线,并体现出粒状冰同柱状冰卤水排泄方式的差异及其对冰底春季叶绿素a快速增长的冰物理贡献.冰藻细胞活性指标小于0.5的仅占4.3%,该数据为南极冰藻是维持南极冰区浮游植物旺发的主导因子提供了重要依据. 相似文献
15.
An aerosol electrical mobility spectrum analyzer (AEMSA), developed at Hanyang University, was employed to investigate the particle charge characteristics in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The particle charge characteristics in these areas were compared with the charging state in Ansan, South Korea, located in the midlatitude, where artificial factors, such as human activity, urbanization, and traffic, might result in a higher total concentration. Furthermore, in Ansan, South Korea, the charged-particle polarity ratio was very stable and was close to 1. However, notably different particle charge characteristics were obtained in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The imbalance between the numbers of positively and negatively charged particles was evident, resulting in more positive charges on the atmospheric particles. On average, the positively charged particle concentrations in the Antarctic and Arctic areas were 1.4 and 2.8 times higher, respectively, compared with the negatively charged particles. The developed AEMSA system and the findings of this study provide useful information on the characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in the Antarctic and Arctic regions and can be further utilized to study particle formation mechanisms. 相似文献
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17.
Environmental Impact Assessment Under the National Environmental Policy Act and the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
US government actions undertaken in Antarctica are subject to the requirements of both the Protocol and the US National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA). There are differences in the scope and intent of the Protocol and NEPA; however, both require environmental
impact assessment (EIA) as part of the planning process for proposed actions that have the potential for environmental impacts.
In this paper we describe the two instruments and highlight key similarities and differences with particular attention to
EIA. Through this comparison of the EIA requirements of NEPA and the Protocol, we show how the requirements of each can be
used in concert to provide enhanced environmental protection for the antarctic environment. NEPA applies only to actions of
the US government; therefore, because NEPA includes certain desirable attributes that have been refined and clarified through
numerous court cases, and because the Protocol is just entering implementation internationally, some recommendations are made
for strengthening the procedural requirements of the Protocol for activities undertaken by all Parties in Antarctica.
The Protocol gives clear and strong guidance for protection of specific, valued antarctic environmental resources including
intrinsic wilderness and aesthetic values, and the value of Antarctica as an area for scientific research. That guidance requires
a higher standard of environmental protection for Antarctica than is required in other parts of the world. This paper shows
that taken together NEPA and the Protocol call for closer examination of proposed actions and a more rigorous consideration
of environmental impacts than either would alone. Three areas are identified where the EIA provisions of the Protocol could
be strengthened to improve its effectiveness. First, the thresholds defined by the Protocol need to be clarified. Specifically,
the meanings of the terms “minor” and “transitory” are not clear in the context of the Protocol. The use of “or” in the phrase
“minor or transitory” further confuses the meaning. Second, cumulative impact assessment is called for by the Protocol but
is not defined. A clear definition could reduce the chance that cumulative impacts would be given inadequate consideration.
Finally, the public has limited opportunities to comment on or influence the preparation of initial or comprehensive environmental
evaluations. Experience has shown that public input to environmental documents has a considerable influence on agency decision
making and the quality of EIA that agencies perform. 相似文献
18.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) investigation in different matrices has been reported largely, whereas reports on snow samples were limited. Snow, as the main matrix in the polar region, has an important study meaning. PAHs in snow samples were analyzed to investigate the distribution and contamination status of them in the Antarctic, as well as to provide some references for global migration of PAHs. Snow samples collected in Fildes Peninsula were enriched and separated by solid-phase membrane disks and eluted by methylene dichloride, then quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. All types of PAHs were detected except for Benzo(a)pyrene. Principal component analysis method was applied to characterize them. Three factors (Naphthalene, Fluorene and Phenanthrene) accounted for 60.57%, 21.61% and 9.80%, respectively. The results showed that the major PAHs sources maybe the atmospheric transportation, and the combustion of fuel in Fildes Peninsula. The comparison of concentration and types of PAHs between accumulated snow and fresh snow showed that the main compound concentrations in accumulated snow samples were higher than those in fresh ones. The risk assessment indicated that the amount of PAHs in the snow samples would not lead to ecological risk. 相似文献
19.
南极地区以其独特的旅游资源吸引了越来越多人的注意,近年来赴南极旅游的游客人数快速增长。但国内外对南极旅游资源的研究却相对滞后,对其分类和评价研究几乎处于空白状态。本文对南极旅游资源的分类及空间分布特征进行了初步研究,并对我国南极旅游业发展提出建议,以期为南极旅游资源的评价、开发与保护提供参考。结果表明:南极地区已开展实质性旅游活动的主要旅游资源单体共558个,按属性可分为8个主类、18个亚类和30个基本类型,自然资源类型丰富,水域景观占比较大;旅游资源的空间分布不均衡,在南极半岛西北部格雷厄姆地沿海及附近岛屿、罗斯海周边岛屿及大陆形成了两个高密度集聚区;气候环境条件和旅游资源的可达性是影响该地区旅游资源空间分布的重要因素;与我国相关的南极旅游资源较少,中国在南极旅游开发中的参与度和成熟度也相对较低,未来应尽快摸清南极旅游资源状况,加强南极旅游影响研究,推动我国南极旅游发展。 相似文献
20.
Two independent digestion procedures for Antarctic krill samples were compared. Dry ashing (DA) and microwave (MW) acid‐assisted digestion were tested for decomposing the samples to determine essential (Cu, Fe, Cr) and toxic elements (Cd, Pb) by graphite furnace‐atomic absorption spectrometry (GF‐AAS). A mixture of HNO3 and H2O2 as digesting agent was used in the microwave procedure. For the dry ashing digestion, the organic matter was oxidated at 480°C in an open system. Both digestion methods were compared in terms of accuracy and applied to the analysis of a certified reference material: MURST‐ISS‐A2 (Antarctic krill). The detection limits for the five elements analysed ranged from 3 to 150 ng g‐1. Both digestion procedures are suitable for the decomposition of krill samples. However, dry ashing is not recommended to determine Pb and Cd because losses can occur. 相似文献