山东半岛城市群等级规模结构的分形研究

运用分形理论对山东半岛城市群的等级规模结构进行了研究,借助齐夫和帕雷托公式分别测算了其分维值。结果表明,山东半岛城市群的等级规模结构比较分散,人口分布差异较大,城市群体系发育还不成熟。针对这些问题,提出了优化山东半岛城市群等级结构的对策措施,以期实现山东半岛城市群的持续、稳定、快速和健康发展。     

Body mass and parental decisions in the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica : how long should the parents guard the chick?

In Procellariiformes, the parents guard the chick after it has attained homeothermy. This strategy may reduce the probability that a small chick is taken by predators, but is costly as only one parent can forage at a time. The decision to leave the chick may therefore be a compromise between the chick's vulnerability to predators, the body condition of the parent on the nest and whether the foraging parent returns in time. We studied how the number of days that parents guarded the chick was related to the body mass of the parent at the nest and the time the foraging parent spent at sea in the Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica. We also examined how the body mass of the parent on the nest and the duration of the foraging trips influenced the chicks' body condition at the end of the guarding period. When the foraging parent did not return to the nest in time to relieve its mate, the number of days the parent on the nest kept guarding the chick was positively related to its body mass on arrival in the colony. The number of days the foraging parent spent at sea was positively related to the body mass of its mate, but those that returned in time had a shorter stay at sea relative to their mate's body mass than those that did not return before their mate had left. Apparently, both the body mass of the parent at the nest and the ability of the foraging parent to adjust its stay at sea to the mate's body mass is important for the number of days the parents guard the chick and also the chick's body condition at this point. The inability to return to the nest before the mate has left may be the result of needing a minimum amount of time at sea to find food, or because some parents having low foraging success and therefore prolong their stay at sea. Received: 10 October 1997 / Accepted after revision: 14 March 1998     

南半球海洋大气气溶胶单颗粒的理化特性分析

运用透射电子显微镜-X射线能谱技术分析了中国第29次南极科考期间采集的大气气溶胶单颗粒样品,获得颗粒物的形貌特征、混合状态、成分组成及数量分布等信息.结果表明,航渡区域海洋上空的颗粒物主要表现为4类:海盐颗粒、矿物颗粒、富硫颗粒和含碳颗粒,其中海盐颗粒占主导,本研究将海盐颗粒又分为新鲜、部分老化及完全老化的海盐颗粒.部分和完全老化的海盐颗粒占海盐颗粒总数的86%,且部分老化的海盐颗粒表面及完全老化的海盐颗粒以长条状Na2SO4成分为主.同时,发现两处采样点(印度洋中东部和南极内陆)的样品中富硫颗粒较多,根据后向气团轨迹判断这些富硫颗粒主要来源于海洋地区,推测是由海洋表面浮游生物释放的二甲基硫(dimethyl sulfide,DMS)经过大气氧化形成.本研究表明,南半球海洋大气中海盐颗粒老化是由海洋表面释放的DMS控制,这不同于北半球海洋大气中人为源影响的海盐颗粒老化现象.     

Bacterial diversity in Fez tanneries and Morocco’s Binlamdoune River, using 16S RNA gene based fingerprinting

The response of bacteria to various carbohydrates in the deep-sea sediments and the Antarctic soils was investigated using cellulose, chitin, and olive oil. It was found that the carbohydrates significantly increased the corresponding specific ectoenzyme activity (β- glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, lipase) in the samples from deep-sea sediments. In the case of Antarctic soil samples, the cellulose or olive oil amendments had minor or no effect on β-glucosidase or lipase activity, except the chitin which stimulated β- N-acetylglucosaminidase production. The responses of the bacteria in the deep-sea sediment sample WP02-3 and the Antarctic soil sample CC-TY2 towards the chitin amendment were further analyzed. Chitin amendments were shown to stimulate the ectoenzyme activity in all the tested sediments and the soils. The bacterial response before and after the carbohydrates amendments were compared by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction. Significant changes were found in the structure and density of the bacterial community in the deep sea sediments as compared to the Antarctic soil sample, where the effects were relatively lower. There was no change in the bacterial population in both studied samples in response to carbohydrates amendments. These data indicate that the bacterial communities in the oligotrophic deep-sea sediments are more dynamic than that in the Antarctic soils as they respond to the nutrient sources efficiently by regulation of ectoenzyme activity and/or changing community structure.     

菲尔德斯半岛南部新生界火山岩系古地磁及地质意义

菲尔德斯半岛南部火山岩系由下而上,玛瑙滩段和化石山段MI=-76.9°,MD=59.7°,属新生界下第三系始新统中下部极性(?)合带中的正向亚带;按磁偶极子模式,平均古地磁极(S)的位置是64.3°S,116.4°W;采点古纬度南纬约65°。长山段I=77.6°,D=211.6°,为上述极性混合带中的反向亚带;虚地磁极(N)位置是75.9°S.118.7°W;采点古纬度南纬约66°。位于化石山段之上,长山段之下的岩块山段,数据具有随机性,这与其形成的地质背景有关。结果表明:1、化石山段与岩块山段之间,是早、晚两个喷发旋回的界线所在。2、菲尔德斯半岛自早第三纪始新世以来,总趋势是向赤道方向移动了大约3°     

全球气候变化对南极淡水藻类的影响

1982～2008年对中国南极长城站和中山站地区主要湖泊、溪流、雪地等淡水藻类进行了调查研究.结果表明,淡水藻类优势种类为:双尖菱板藻(Hantzschiaa mphioxys),端泥生藻(Luticola mutica),拟钝泥生藻(Lutiola muticopsis),细小隐球藻(Aphanocapsa elachista),极小色球藻(Chroococcus minimus),寒冷席藻(Phormidium frigidum),赖氏鞘氏藻(Lyngbya lagerheimii),拉氏黏球藻(Gloecapsa ralfsiana),易脆席藻(Phormidium fragile),雪衣藻(Chlamydomo nasnivalis),南极侧果藻(Pleurococcus antarcticus),南极螺翼藻(Scotiella antarctica)和细长聚球藻(Synechococcus elongates).回归分析显示了微、小型藻类细胞丰度与水温呈显著的正相关,而与磷酸盐和硝酸盐呈显著负相关.南极气候尤其是水温的变化,引起湖泊藻类丰度与种群结构发生改变.     

Omega-3 nutraceuticals,climate change and threats to the environment: The cases of Antarctic krill and Calanus finmarchicus

The nutraceutical market for EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is promoting fishing for Euphasia superba (Antarctic krill) in the Southern Ocean and Calanus finmarchicus in Norwegian waters. This industry argues that these species are underexploited, but they are essential in their ecosystems, and climate change is altering their geographical distribution. In this perspective, we advocate the cessation of fishing for these species to produce nutraceuticals with EPA and DHA. We argue that this is possible because, contrary to what this industry promotes, the benefits of these fatty acids only seem significant to specific population groups, and not for the general population. Next, we explain that this is desirable because there is evidence that these fisheries may interact with the impact of climate change. Greener sources of EPA and DHA are already available on the market, and their reasonable use would ease pressure on the Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems.     

南极普里兹湾与太平洋、印度洋海水中90Sr和137Cs的研究

通过对太平洋、印度洋、南极普里北湾表层海水中＾９０Ｓｒ、＾１３７Ｃｓ的分析，可以看出北半球放射必疹高于南半球。南极海域活度最你荒废 域人工放射性核素仍与大气沉降有关。全球人工放性活度吾下降趋势，但各海区下降的程度不同。南极普里兹湾夏季深层水的通升是影响该海区放射性水平的一个重要因素。局部区域的人工放射必不知 度与采样时间和地理位置有关。     

Elemental composition of surface waters in the Antarctic Peninsula and interactions with the environment

The fast changes in chemical and biological properties of many coastal and inland waters in the last decades reflect the pressure of man on the environment. The surface waters of the Antarctic Peninsula, located far from industrial or populated areas, could eventually be used as background lines. Surface water samples were taken from five lagoons of King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, and from the Kitiesh Lake. Sample pH and electrical conductivity were analysed in situ and in the laboratory, respectively. The dissolved fractions were analysed in 1997 and 1998. Total concentrations only for 1998 were determined in another fraction adjusted to pH 2. Aluminium, Ca, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Bi, and Pb were quantified in all samples by means of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Total and dissolved elemental concentrations were discussed considering the composition of particulate material suspended in the waters removed by streams or by water runoff, or from atmospheric aerosols. Concentrations of dissolved elements change from one lagoon to another. Total and dissolved elemental concentrations could be related to water movement by windstorms, to chemical mechanisms in water and/or to natural and anthropogenic atmospheric factors.     

东南极海硒的形态和分布

采用新的现场分离了东海极海１２个表层海水样及３２个剖面样中硒及各主要溶存形态的含量，发现总硒含量高于其它各大洋，这可能与特殊的极地生态环境对其形态的影响有关〉Ｓｅ（Ⅵ）拟可作为水团指示剂