辽宁省化学品环境风险特征及管理对策分析

通过对辽宁省化学品分布、三大行业l810家企业化学品环境风险单元、防范措施、应急处置、应急救援资源情况及存在问题的分析研究,提出适合辽宁省化学品环境风险管理对策建议。     

VOCs源强不确定性对臭氧生成及污染防治影响的模拟分析

本文基于三维区域空气质量模式WRF-Chem,通过修改模式化学模块,量化输出过程量和诊断量,提供了一种定量分析挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)源强不确定性对O3生成影响的方法.为无法定量计算VOCs源强导致的臭氧生成率[P(O3)]偏差,以及由此对O3体积分数分布和污染控制相关联的VOCs敏感区和NOx 敏感区分布的误判提供了方法参考.采用标准统计参数对WRF-Chem模式的气象场与污染场模拟性能进行了评估,相关指标均优于前人结果.以INTEX-B(intercontinental chemical transport experiment-phase B)人为源、FINNv1(fire inventory from NCAR version 1)生物质燃烧源和 MEGAN(model of emissions of gases and aerosols from nature)生物源作为基准源,并以卫星观测数据作为约束,对排放源进行改进,评估了源改进前后臭氧生成率[P(O3)]、O3体积分数和O3控制敏感区指标(Ln/Q)的变化情况.仅人为VOCs(AVOCs)源增加68％后,P(O3)模拟峰值增升比例达13％～82％,以北京观测站点为例,P(O3)模拟月均峰值增加42％(22.5×10-9 h-1).对P(03)形成贡献比例最大的主要化学反应是HO2+NO(占比约68％),AVOCs源增加68％后,该反应贡献比例下降至65％.在改进源下,P(O3)普遍增加达到2×10-9～4×10-9h-O3各季节增幅较大的区域均主要集中在京津冀、长三角和珠三角中心城市及周边区域,与我国大型城市区基本都是VOCs敏感区的结论一致.整体而言,VOCs源强改进后,Nox敏感区O3体积分数增加幅度不大,不超过4×10-9,而部分VOCs敏感区增幅超过20 x10-9.VOCs源强的不确定性会影响O3形成过程中Nox和VOCs敏感区的判断,特别是VOCs源强明显低估会夸大VOCs敏感区的范围,从而降低O3调控对策的有效性.     

Tradeoffs between courtship, fighting, and antipredatory behavior by a lizard, Eumeces laticeps

Male fitness in many species depends strongly on social behaviors needed to obtain fertilizations and prevent loss of fertilizations to other males, but courtship, copulation, and fighting may incur increased risk of predation. When demands for reproductive and antipredatory behaviors conflict, fitness may be maximized by accepting some degree of risk to enhance reproductive success. To examine such tradeoffs, I introduced tethered conspecific males or females to adult male broad-headed skinks, Eumeces laticeps, in the field and observed how close they allowed a simulated predator (me) to approach before fleeing, or their latency to approach an introduced female located at different distances from the predator. When conspecific males were introduced, isolated and mate-guarding males initiated agonistic behaviors and permitted closer approach than control males, and mate-guarding males permitted closer approach than isolated males. When females were introduced, both isolated and mate-guarding males courted the introduced females and isolated males permitted closer approach than did mate-guarding males. These results for introduced males and females suggest that increasing risk was accepted when reproductive benefits were greater. Latency for isolated males to approach a conspecific female was greater when the predator was closer to the female, further suggesting sensitivity to predation risk during a reproductive opportunity. Relationships between reproductive and antipredatory behaviors have been studied much less than those between feeding and antipredatory behaviors, but this study indicates that animals balance increased risk of predation with the opportunity to perform several reproductively important behaviors. Received: 5 March 1999 / Received in revised form: 15 July 1999 / Accepted: 25 July 1999     

Application of environmentally conscious manufacturing strategies for an automotive component

Application of appropriate environmentally conscious manufacturing strategies enables the sustainable development of products and processes. Automotive component manufacturers recognise the potential of applying appropriate strategies for attaining Triple Bottom Line benefits. In this context, three strategies such as eco-efficiency, waste minimisation and material efficiency are being applied to minimise environmental impacts associated with the manufacture of automotive products and its associated processes. A case study of an automotive component manufacturing firm has been exemplified. After conducting the study, the potential environmental impact was reduced by 20% and eco-efficiency was improved by 13%. Further, improvements have been observed in terms of overall resource consumption and material efficiency. The overall power consumption was reduced by 18% and weight of the component was reduced by 11%. The study aimed at improving the sustainable performance of product by incorporating green and environmentally friendlier manufacturing practices.

Abbreviations: USEPA: United Nations Environmental Protection Agency; OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; WBCSD: World Business Council for Sustainable Development; Eco-QFD: Environmental Quality Function Deployment; WCED: World Commission on Environment and Development; LCA: Life Cycle Assessment     

我国城市大气污染现状与特点

中国城市化和工业化的快速发展与能源消耗的迅速增加，给中国城市带来了很多空气污染问题。20世纪70年代期间，煤烟型污染排放成为中国工业城市的特点；80年代，许多南方城市遭受严重的酸雨危害；近年来，汽车尾气排放的NOx、CO及随后形成的光化学烟雾，使得许多大城市的空气质量恶化。城市空气污染影响着城市居民的健康和城市的发展。为控制空气污染和保护大气环境质量，我国政府已经实施了许多规划。本文概述了当前中国城市特别是重点城市的空气质量状况，描述一些主要城市空气污染物包括总悬浮颗粒、PM10、PM2．5、SO2、酸雨、NOx/NO2的特点。尽管采取了很多应对措施，但目前我国城市的空气质量依然不容乐观，文中还讨论了未来城市空气污染控制面临的问题。     

改良SBR工艺实现生活污水除磷与半亚硝化

常温条件下(20~25℃),采用序批式反应器(SBR),应用改进后的运行策略:进水、厌氧搅拌、曝气搅拌、静置沉淀、排水、选择性排泥、污泥床缺氧搅拌,控制污泥龄为20d,溶解氧为0.2~0.5mg/L,实现单污泥系统同步除磷亚硝化的稳定运行.结果表明:总磷去除率为95.9%~97.1%,出水总磷浓度为0.1~0.4mg/L,好氧阶段氨氮去除容积负荷为0.242kg N/(m3·d),出水氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的比值约为1:1,可以为后续的厌氧氨氧化提供合适的进水.     

动态惩罚机制下企业安全生产行为演化分析

为揭示动态惩罚机制下企业安全生产行为规律,以企业成本和收益为基础,通过区域内所有企业的博弈,运用演化博弈理论研究不同策略下企业对安全生产投入达标行为演化趋势.研究结果表明:当政府监管能力有约束时,无论企业是否明确预设控制目标,均可能出现投机心理,而政府加大惩罚力度可有效改善整体安全生产水平;同时,企业明确控制目标时,通...     

The specification of sustainable urban transport strategies

Transport strategies have been developed for nine European cities to achieve optimum performance in terms of a range of objective functions. The functions selected represent economic efficiency, sustainability and a combination of these. The strategies have been based on combinations of a standard set of policy instruments, including public transport infrastructure, frequency and fares, road capacity increases, low cost road pricing and parking charges. The optimisation method is described, and results presented. The reactions of city authorities to the proposed strategies are discussed and implications for transport policy outlined.     

Systematical strategies for wastewater treatment and the generated wastes and greenhouse gases in China

China now faces double challenges of water resources shortage and severe water pollution. To resolve Chinese water pollution problems and reduce its impacts on human health, economic growth and social development, the situation of wastewater treatment was investigated. Excess sludge and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted during wastewater treatment were also surveyed. It is concluded that Chinese water pollution problems should be systematically resolved with inclusion of wastewater and the solid waste and GHGs generated during wastewater treatment. Strategies proposed for the wastewater treatment in China herein were also adequate for other countries, especially for the developing countries with similar economic conditions to China.     

中国冰川旅游资源开发模式与对策研究

中国冰川资源规模巨大,形态各异,在国内旅游市场中具有绝对的垄断性地位。然而,我国冰川旅游发展却较为缓慢,景点稀少,与冰川资源禀赋极不相符,与国外冰川旅游发展差距较大。冰川旅游资源的吸引功能并非由冰川旅游单体决定,往往由冰川及周边景观的组合程度大小决定。鉴于此,中国冰川旅游需要改变以往冰川观光和其他单一景点开发模式,进而向冰川、雪山、森林、草甸、湖泊、峡谷与民族文化组团式开发转变,通过冰川与其他景观的组团式开发模式,扩展其冰川旅游类型与内涵,延伸其高山带山地旅游产业链,提升我国冰川旅游产品品牌价值,以此为我国冰川资源优势转变为经济优势提供理论与实践支持。