国内外城市热岛研究进展

城市热岛现象是人类活动对气候系统产生的最显著的影响之一。在分析城市热岛效应概念和内涵的基础上,论述了国内外在城市热岛效应研究方面的进展,以期为缓解城市热岛效应提供科学依据。     

城市热岛研究方法概述

论述了国内外有关城市热岛效应的研究方法,包括传统的气象观测法、基于遥感技术的定量反演法和基于边界层模型的模拟计算法,分析了各种研究方法的进展和优缺点,供城市热岛效应研究方法创新参考。     

新疆绿洲经济带生态功能区划的初步研究——以新疆沙雅县为例

对新疆绿洲经济带生态功能区划进行研究,不仅可以为新疆的生态环境建设、环境治理和制定环境保护规划奠定扎实的基础,也为新疆的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益协调发展提供理论依据。以新疆沙雅县为例,根据沙雅县地理环境、生态环境特征,以《生态功能区划暂行规程》及城市生态功能区划原理为指导,在新疆省级三级生态功能区划的基础上,对沙雅县进行第四级生态功能区的划分,共划分出9个四级生态功能区,并针对每个生态功能提出了相应的生态服务功能及建设、保护发展方向。     

Occurrence and temporal variations of the xenoestrogens bisphenol A, 4-<Emphasis Type="Italic">tert</Emphasis>-octylphenol,and tech. 4-nonylphenol in two German wastewater treatment plants

GOAL, SCOPE, AND BACKGROUND: The xenoestrogens bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol, and the technical isomer mixture of 4-nonylphenol (tech. 4-nonylphenol) belong to the group of chemicals which are called endocrine disrupters due to their property of causing hormonal dysfunctions in the endocrine system of organisms at very low concentrations. Bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol, and the tech. 4-nonylphenol (mixture of isomers) were determined in water samples collected from the influent and effluent of two German wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) during a long-time sampling period from February 2003 till August 2005 to assess their occurrence and temporal variations in WWTPs. METHODS: The compounds were extracted and concentrated from water by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Bond Elut PPL cartridges and quantified by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS: The influent concentrations were as follows: Bisphenol A < limit of detection of the method (< ldm)--12,205 ng L(-1), tech. 4-nonylphenol < ldm--10,186 ng L(-1), and 4-tert-octylphenol 39-1,495 ng L(-1). The measured effluent concentrations were lower with values in the range of < ldm--7,625 ng L(-1) for bisphenol A, < ldm--14,444 ng L(-1) for tech. 4-nonylphenol, and < ldm--392 ng L(-1) for 4-tert-octylphenol. All target compounds were largely eliminated during the wastewater treatment process. The elimination efficiency varied between 73% and 93%. DISCUSSION: All analytes show highly fluctuating influent concentrations with very high peak concentrations at particular sampling times. The variation of effluent concentrations is by far lower than the variation of influent concentrations. For tech. 4-nonylphenol, a significant temporal concentration variation has been detected with very high concentrations up to the microgram-per-liter level in the time from February 2003 till July 2003 and clearly decreasing concentrations in the time from June 2004 till August 2005. This corresponds well with the implementation of Directive 2003/53/EC (nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in the European Union "may not be placed on the marked or used as a substance or constituent of preparations in concentrations equal or higher than 0.1% by mass") from January 2005 on. Bisphenol A is present in the effluent samples in a wide range of concentrations from below the detection limit to high concentrations up to the microgram-per-liter level. For 4-tert-octylphenol, no particular trend of concentration development has been observed. CONCLUSIONS: Combined SPE and GC-MS proved to be an efficient method to identify and quantify polar organic compounds in environmental samples. With respect to the concentrations measured in the present study, bisphenol A sometimes is the prominent compound in influent samples. Neither bisphenol A nor 4-tert-octylphenol or tech. 4-nonylphenol show seasonal variations. However, there was a significant general trend of decreasing concentrations of tech. 4-nonylphenol in influent and effluent samples from both WWTPs which probably reflects the implementing Directive 2003/53/EC. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Further research is needed to investigate whether the observed decrease of tech. 4-nonylphenol concentrations in German WWTPs since June 2004 will continue further on. The reason for the high effluent concentrations of bisphenol A in only a few samples has to be clarified in further research. The results from this study provide insight into the concentration development of the xenoestrogens bisphenol A, tech. 4-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol in WWTPs in the time span between 2003 and 2005.     

强化水旋澄清池技术处理黄河高浊度水的试验研究

由于兰州段夏季黄河水的浊度较高,直接影响了自来水厂的正常运行,而目前水厂所用工艺无法满足高浊度水的处理要求,因此,采用自主研究开发的具有特殊结构的水旋澄清池对黄河高浊度水进行了强化处理的试验研究.研究结果表明:在多点投药混合方式下,强化水旋澄清池可提高浊度的处理效果;若在投加无机絮凝剂PAC后,再投加有机絮凝剂PAM进行复配作用,不仅可降低无机絮凝剂的用量,节约制水成本,而且提高了自来水厂的出水水质;结果也表明该水旋澄清池技术能够推广应用于黄河高浊度水的强化处理工艺中.     

长吉一体化区域生态功能区划的研究

长吉区域是人口高度集中、经济高度集聚、核心作用高度显现的区域,同时也是环境与发展矛盾突出、环境风险集中、环境压力较大的区域,更是建设美好吉林的核心区域。依据区域资源环境承载能力和主体功能定位,将区域划分为四个生态功能区,即长吉北线城市化生态功能区、长吉南线绿色休闲农业生态功能区、长吉西北部现代农业生态功能区、长吉东南部生态旅游功能区,为推进长吉区域顺利健康发展,构建科学合理的城市化格局,打造中国北方特色的田园式现代都市区提供良好的环境支撑。     

纳米TiO2的特性及其在环保方面的应用

纳米TiO2颗粒是一种重要的高性能和高功能材料,具有独特的光催化性和表面超双亲性等功能,在水处理和空气净化等环保领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文着重阐述了纳米TiO2的特性及其在环境保护中的应用,并对目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了讨论。     

广州市生态环境与经济发展阶段的实证研究

在过去的发展中,广州市实现了经济跨越式发展,但也给生态环境带来了巨大压力.自20世纪90年代以来.广州市加大了环境整治力度,试图改善本区域的生态环境质量.在2001年和2002年,广州市分别获得"中国人居环境示范奖"和联合国"改善人居环境最佳示范奖"称号,许多学者认为这是广州城市经济建设和环境保护进入协调发展新阶段的标志.为了验证该结论,分析了2000年以来广州市生态环境的变化情况和现状,研究了1990年以来广州市逐年环境生态指标与社会经济指标之间的关系,最后引入环境库兹涅茨曲线研究广州城市环境质量状况以及工业排污情况等随经济发展的变化情况,并对未来变化趋势做出预测.研究表明,2000年以来广州生态环境质量有所改善,但目前环境问题仍较突出,未来广州市环境质量变化情况还处在急剧的变化之中,很难确认广州市环境保护工作与城市经济建设已经进入了协调发展阶段.     

深圳居民膳食壬基酚和辛基酚暴露的风险评估

为了解深圳市居民壬基酚和辛基酚的膳食暴露水平并预测其风险,利用深圳总膳食研究采集的膳食调查数据及代表性膳食样品进行暴露评估:采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取深圳城市区和农村区的244户居民、853人进行家庭膳食调查,利用3d 24h回顾法和称重记账法采集食物消费量数据;同时,采用高效液相色谱-质谱分析手段检测膳食样品中的壬基酚和辛基酚含量;并用风险指数评估人群暴露风险.结果表明,深圳城市区、农村区、深圳市居民的壬基酚膳食暴露水平分别为89.7,128.9,116.2ng/(kg×bw);辛基酚的暴露水平分别为42.7,35.3,39.3ng/(kg×bw).深圳城市区、农村区、深圳市居民壬基酚膳食暴露的风险指数分别为0.02、0.03、0.02,辛基酚的风险指数均为0.0004.深圳市居民壬基酚的膳食暴露水平高于辛基酚,但两者的风险指数均远低于1,暴露风险在可接受范围之内.     

云南洱海湖滨带生态重建方案研究

按照湖滨带的环境功能和生态服务价值．将云南洱海湖滨带划分为4个功能区段，在此基础上根据洱海湖滨带现状、不同功能区的要求和生态恢复目标．提出了洱海湖滨带生态恢复适用模式和高、中、低3个目标的生态重建方案。并对3个方案的投资．环境效益与经济成本进行了必要的分析．结合洱海流域的社会经济发展水平及洱海环境综合整治方案的要求，确定了洱海湖滨带重建推荐方案。