综合生物塘系统的研究

综合生物塘系统是一种新型稳定塘系统.本文报道了水生维管束植物的净化、藻-菌共生系统代谢活性、异养活性的变化及出水水质的生态学修饰.结果显示综合生物增系统具有明显的经济、社会及生态效益.这是一种良好的污水处理系统.     

水生植物对面源污水净化效率研究

于自然条件下研究了慈茹、菱白等7种水生植物对面源污水的净化率。结果表明,7种试验植物对水体中N、P均有很高的净化率,其中以慈茹和菱白的综合净化率为最高。由于不同植物对N、P的净化率不同,所以多种植物配置可提高植物对面源污水的综合净化率。     

Effects of Recent Volcanic Eruptions on Aquatic Habitat in the Drift River, Alaska, USA: Implications at Other Cook Inlet Region Volcanoes

/ Numerous drainages supporting productive salmon habitat are surrounded by active volcanoes on the west side of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska. Eruptions have caused massive quantities of flowing water and sediment to enter the river channels emanating from glaciers and snowfields on these volcanoes. Extensive damage to riparian and aquatic habitat has commonly resulted, and benthic macroinvertebrate and salmonid communities can be affected. Because of the economic importance of Alaska's fisheries, detrimental effects on salmonid habitat can have significant economic implications. The Drift River drains glaciers on the northern and eastern flanks of Redoubt Volcano. During and following eruptions in 1989-1990, severe physical disturbances to the habitat features of the river adversely affected the fishery. Frequent eruptions at other Cook Inlet region volcanoes exemplify the potential effects of volcanic activity on Alaska's important commercial, sport, and subsistence fisheries. Few studies have documented the recovery of aquatic habitat following volcanic eruptions. The eruptions of Redoubt Volcano in 1989-1990 offered an opportunity to examine the recovery of the macroinvertebrate community. Macroinvertebrate community composition and structure in the Drift River were similar in both undisturbed and recently disturbed sites. Additionally, macroinvertebrate samples from sites in nearby undisturbed streams were highly similar to those from some Drift River sites. This similarity and the agreement between the Drift River macroinvertebrate community composition and that predicted by a qualitative model of typical macroinvertebrate communities in glacier-fed rivers indicate that the Drift River macroinvertebrate community is recovering five years after the disturbances associated with the most recent eruptions of Redoubt Volcano. KEY WORDS: Aquatic habitat; Volcanoes; Lahars; Lahar-runout flows; Macroinvertebrates; Community structure; Community composition; Taxonomic similarity     

Biological Control of Water Hyacinth Under Conditions of Maintenance Management: Can Herbicides and Insects Be Integrated?

Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi. We therefore sampled water hyacinth and weevil populations at 54 sites distributed statewide. Half were under maintenance control, half were not treated with herbicides. General site conditions were assessed, demographic data were collected on weevil and plant populations, the reproductive condition of the weevils was determined, and plant nutrient and proximate composition of water hyacinth leaves were analyzed. Water hyacinth infestations under maintenance control were minimal when compared to unmanaged sites. Likewise, on a population basis, all weevil cohorts were much lower due to the paucity of plants. Plants at unmanaged sites, where weevil intensities were much higher, suffered high levels of stress and showed low growth potential. Lower percentages of the female weevils were reproductive at unmanaged sites when compared to managed sites, so densities of reproductives and immatures were similar at both site types. Reproductive status of the weevils improved with increased plant quality. Plant quality, in turn, declined as stresses arising from weevil feeding increased. Plant quality was positively correlated with plant growth potential and flower production. Thus, maintenance control improved plant nutritive quality thereby inducing reproductive vigor of the weevils, but ensuring plant regrowth and the need for future control. This suggests that biological and herbicidal controls should be integrated, using herbicides to maintain water hyacinth infestations below management thresholds but in a manner that conserves biological control agent populations. This approach would lead to improved plant nutritional quality that would, in turn, stimulate reproduction in biological control agent populations.     

再生水构建水环境中沉水植物附着细菌群落特征

沉水植物茎、叶附着生物膜对再生水构建水环境的水质改善具有重要作用.为探究再生水水质及沉水植物种类对附着生物膜细菌群落特征的影响,选取再生水构建的水环境中不同种类沉水植物为研究对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对其附着生物膜及周围环境样本的细菌群落结构和功能基因进行分析.结果表明,再生水水体中氮磷营养物质在水环境中得到了20%~35%的吸收利用,下游水体中COD、浊度和色度呈现升高趋势.沉水植物附着生物膜中细菌群落与周围环境（土壤、底泥和水体）及再生水处理厂活性污泥的细菌群落存在差异：在群落多样性上,其丰富度和多样性显著低于土壤和底泥中细菌但高于水中浮游细菌;在群落结构上,其优势菌属及对应相对丰度与其它样本不同,主要优势菌属有鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）、气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）,分别占比7%~40%.沉水植物种类和再生水水质（BOD₅、TN、NH₄⁺-N和TP）均会影响植物附着细菌群落,但水质对附着细菌群落的影响大于植物种类,且水质也会影响沉水植物附着细菌群落功能基因相对丰度,氮磷浓度较高区域氮循环与磷循环功能基因相对丰度较高.研究结果为揭示沉水植物附着细菌群落特征和优选沉水植物种植种类提供科学依据.     

Effects of visible light radiation on macrophyte litter degradation and nutrient release in water samples from a eutrophic shallow lake

Visible light is a major fraction of the solar spectrum; however, information on visible light radiation of macrophyte detritus is lacking. In this study, we conducted a microcosm experiment to assess the effects of visible light radiation on degradation of two litter species: Potamogeton malaianus (P. malaianus) and Phragmites australis (Ph. australis). This research represents an investigation of mass loss, microbial activity and nutrients released over a period of 168 days. Overall, we found that visible light radiation had significant effects on litter decomposition, but it did not affect the microbial activities which degrade cellulose and lignin. The decomposition rate order of the three components in P. malaianus and Ph. australis in treatments was: cellulose?>?hemicellulose?>?lignin. The visible light radiation mainly affected the degradation of lignin, which is the primary compound in litter susceptible to photodegradation. The exposure to visible light radiation up to 17.6?Wm^?2 stimulated the dissolved organic carbon release and reduced the molecular weight to less reactive. Meanwhile, no obvious difference in nutrient contents (TP, TN, NO₃–N, NO₂–N, and NH₃–N) was observed among different visible light intensities. The results of this study contribute to better understanding of the photochemical behaviour of macrophyte litter in shallow lakes.     

Bioavailability of copper and cadmium in sediment of nanjing section of Changjiang river to aquatic organisms

Bioavailabilities of metals in sediment to aquatic organisms depend on the strength of metal bonding to particulates. The accumulation tests of Cu and Cd in carp and in snails have been studied in vitro with the solution containing semisynthetic sediment samples in which the contents of various speciation of metal in sediment have been extended. For carp, the accumulation of Cu and Cd is related to the concentration of dissolved metal which in turn is affected by the distributions of speciations in sediment under given environmental conditions. It is another pattern for snails, various speciations of metal in sediment can contribute indirectly to metal accumulation. The contribution ratio, or relative importance of various speciations of metal in sediment can be expressed by multiple linear regression formulas. The contribution of ion‐exchangable speciation and coprecipition with carbonate speciation is 10⁵ times larger than that of residue speciation in sediment.     

Uptake of seven metals by two macrophytes species: potential for phytoaccumulation and phytoremediation

Aquatic macrophytes can be used in the studies of quality of water ecosystems and in monitoring of metals and other pollutants. The aim of this study was to assess concentration levels, accumulation and distribution of seven metals in selected plant parts of Typha angustifolia L. and Iris pseudacorus L., in comparison with sediment and water samples of a reservoir. Metal content in the samples was determined by optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES iCAP 6500). The concentrations of all examined metals were higher in the sediment than in the water samples. In plants, metal concentrations depended on plant species and organs. The roots/rhizomes were primary organs for metal concentration and accumulation. T. angustifolia L. accumulated Mn and Cu, and I. pseudacorus L. accumulated Cd and Cu in the fruits. T. angustifolia L. hyperaccumulated As. The values of enrichment coefficients and translocation factors were: 0 to 3.31 and 0 to 2.39, respectively. The plant species investigated absorb, translocate and accumulate metals in their organs differently, which provides advantages in combining them for remediation of wasted aquatic ecosystems.     

沉水植物对沉积物-水界面环境特征的影响

为明确沉水植物对沉积物-水界面环境特征的影响机制,在采自于太湖草、藻型湖区的沉积物柱状样中种植沉水植物后进行破坏性采样,测定沉积物-水界面以上5 cm上覆水的营养盐含量和沉积物的含水量、中值粒径、w(TOC)、w(TON)、w(TP)、金属元素含量等的垂直分布和氧气侵蚀深度. 结果表明,种植沉水植物对沉积物-水界面环境特征的影响主要为:①显著降低了上覆水中ρ(PO₄3--P)〔草型湖区上覆水由(7.98±1.85)μg/L降至(4.65±1.16)μg/L,藻型湖区上覆水由(7.86±0.84)μg/L降至(4.89±0.48)μg/L〕和草型湖区上覆水中的ρ(DOC)〔由(6.64±0.41)mg/L降至(4.73±0.69)mg/L〕,但没有引起上覆水中ρ(NO₃--N)、ρ(NO₂--N)和ρ(NH₄+-N)的显著差异;②明显提高表层沉积物的含水量,减小草型湖区沉积物表层的中值粒径;③降低草型湖区沉积物表层2 cm内w(TOC)和w(TON),增加草型湖区上层沉积物中w(TP);④明显降低草型湖区沉积物中w(Ca)和w(Mg),但对草、藻型湖区沉积物中的Al,K,Cu,Pb和Zn的含量影响都不明显;⑤藻型湖区沉积物中氧气侵蚀深度由1.6 mm增至3.0 mm,草型湖区沉积物则由3.7 mm增至24.0 mm.      

Community structure and biotic integrity of aquatic plants along the North Canal in Beijing北大核心CSCD

Aquatic plants along the North Canal in Beijing were studied to identify the community structure of aquatic plants and vegetation index of biotic integrity (VIBI), and to provide scientific basis for the management and protection of urban rivers. Aquatic plants from 49 sampling sites along the North Canal were investigated during June 2015. Based on the field data, distributing range analysis, discriminatory power analysis, and correlation analysis were used stepwise to select core metrics from candidate metrics to establish the VIBI assessment system. The VIBI value of each sampling site was calculated as the average of the scaled values of all core metrics. Thirty-six aquatic plant species, including 14 hygrophytes, 13 emergent species, 6 submergent species, 2 floating-leaved species, and 1 floating species were collected. Species diversity was low in the North Canal, and no aquatic plants were recorded in 28 sampling sites, of which 9 sampling sites were dried up. Five sites were in excellent condition (VIBI > 0.60), 5 were good (0.60 > VIBI > 0.38), 7 were fair (0.38 > VIBI > 0.23), and 4 were poor (VIBI < 0.23). Based on the distribution of VIBI, Shahe River and Wenyu River upstream, and Fenghe River located in suburbs had a higher VIBI. Downstream tributaries, such as Qinghe River, Bahe River, and Liangshui River, had a lower VIBI. Correlation analysis showed that habitat quality, habitat complexity, and vegetation diversity along riparian zones were the important factors affecting VIBI along the North Canal, Beijing. Aquatic plants along the North Canal showed low species diversity owing to human disturbance. VIBI along tributaries with limited disturbance from human activities was higher; however, VIBI along tributaries disturbed by frequent human activities was lower. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.