太湖草型湖区沉积物再悬浮对水体营养盐的影响

再悬浮过程中沉积物对水体营养盐的内源贡献是湖泊,特别是浅水湖泊富营养化研究中的重要问题.采用原位沉积物柱样和原状上覆水的Y型扰动装置,被用来研究常规风情下太湖草型湖区沉积物的再悬浮和沉降过程对水体营养盐负荷的影响.结果表明,小风和中风的再悬浮过程导致水体氨氮和磷酸根磷含量显著下降,单位面积水柱含量最大变化量分别为-0.140 g·m-2和-1.59 mg·m-2;大风条件下,水体氨氮含量下降幅度很小,磷酸盐则出现明显增加趋势,最大增量为0.81mg·m-2.再悬浮过程之后的沉降过程中,中、小风条件的水体氨氮含量变小,大风条件的含量没有明显变化.磷酸根磷含量在中、小风条件下与风浪前差别较小,大风条件的含量则明显增大,最大增量为1.36 mg·m-2.因此,沉积物的再悬浮过程和沉降过程对上覆水体的营养盐动态负荷都产生重要影响.与太湖无植被湖区的研究结果对比说明,水生植物的存在对风浪作用下沉积物与上覆水的物质交换有一定的抑制作用.     

沉水植物综合利用的研究进展

概述了沉水植物在富营养化水体治理中的重要作用及对其资源化开发利用的必要性;重点论述了近年来国内外利用沉水植物净化富营养化水体的研究现状,并对沉水植物的资源化利用方式进行了探讨;展望了开发和利用沉水植物资源的前景和意义。     

常见沉水植物对草海水体(含底泥)总氮去除速率的研究

利用狐尾藻?菹草?苦草?伊乐藻?金鱼藻?篦齿眼子菜?轮藻等7种沉水植物对受污染的草海水体(含底泥)总氮去除速率进行了试验研究?结果表明:每种沉水植物对水体总氮?总磷均有显著去除作用,在试验的27d内,对总氮?总磷的去除百分率分别为80.31%,89.82%;重点对7种沉水植物引起水体总氮浓度下降与时间的关系作回归分析,所得结果是随着时间的延长,水体中总氮浓度呈负指数形式衰减?该文还研究了水体总氮浓度与去除速率之间的关系?每种沉水植物在试验的总氮浓度范围内(2.628～16.667mg/L)去除速率随总氮浓度的增加而增加?对TN_{_t}曲线和V-TN曲线在大型水生植物系统恢复中的应用进行了讨论?      

淀山湖沉水植物死亡分解过程中营养物质的释放

测定了上海淀山湖5种常见沉水植物的营养成分含量及其死亡后在好氧(DO>3.5 mg/L)或低氧(DO<3.5 mg/L)状态下分解释放TN、TP和有机物(以高锰酸盐指数计,下同)等营养物质的动态过程,并对营养物质释放强度与营养成分含量的相关性进行了分析.结果表明, 5种沉水植物中,金鱼藻的TN和TP含量最高,质量分数分别为(4.07±0.22)%和(0.99±0.09)%;好氧状态下TN和有机物的释放强度大于低氧状态,两种状态下TP的释放强度没有显著差异;TP的释放比TN快,一般需10 d左右,而TN和有机物的释放分别需要29 d和20 d左右;在好氧状态下,NO-2-N、NO-3-N和可溶性总磷酸盐的平均释放强度与植物TN含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05),NH 4-N的平均释放强度与植物TP含量呈显著正相关(p<0.05);在低氧状态下,NO-2-N的平均释放强度与植物TN含量、NO-3-N的平均释放强度与植物TP含量分别呈显著正相关(p<0.05);有机物的平均释放强度与植物TP含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01).     

厦门水库水体颗粒物分布特征及其与环境因子的关系研究

研究了厦门湖边水库、石兜-坂头水库水体颗粒物的分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:(1)水体颗粒物平均含量以坂头库区最高,石兜库区次之,湖边水库最低,平均含量分别为31.9、27.7和23.1mg/L;在空间分布上,不同水库或库区、不同采样站位间,由于水体颗粒物的来源成因不同,其分布规律呈现出明显的差异。(2)从水体颗粒物与环境因子的关联度分析,湖边水库及石兜-坂头水库两个库区的水体颗粒物与总氮和总磷都有较大关联性。(3)利用Pearson积矩相关系数(两尾)进行检验,湖边水库及石兜-坂头水库两个库区的水体颗粒物均与总氮呈显著或极显著相关,与透明度呈显著负相关,与叶绿素a均呈负相关,与其它因子的相关规律性不明显。(4)水体颗粒物与环境因子的逐步回归分析表明,在不同的水库或库区,对水体颗粒物有显著影响的环境因子各不相同,湖边水库是高锰酸盐指数和总氮,石兜库区是高锰酸盐指数、总氮和总磷,坂头库区是pH、溶解氧和总磷。     

Development of inherent safety and health index for formulated product design

The numerous formulated products which are introduced to the market consist of chemical ingredients that may cause various safety and health hazards to the consumers. Therefore, it is extremely important to practice a systematic methodology to formulate products with acceptable safety and health performances. This work presents an index-based methodology to assess the safety and health hazards of the ingredients during the early formulation stage of product design. Hence, new inherent safety and health sub-indexes are introduced to improve the current safety and health hazards that are needed in formulated product design. The inherent safety and health sub-indexes are assigned with scores based on the degree of potential hazards. A higher score indicates a higher safety risk or severe health effect, and vice versa. The proposed methodology will greatly assist the users to identify the adverse safety and health effects caused by the ingredients. Hence, it is pivotal to eliminate or reduce the safety and health impacts from product usage. A case study on common ingredients used in the formulation of paint is presented on this study to describe the proposed method.     

MACROPHYTE STANDING CROP AND PRIMARY PRODUCTWITY IN SOME FLORIDA SPRING-RUNS1

ABSTRACT: A survey of 31 Florida spring-runs was conducted to estimate their submerged macrophyte standing crop and primary productivity. The standing crops of submerged vegetation were not significantly (p > 0.05) correlated to either total nitrogen (r = 0) or total phosphorus (r =?0.20) concentrations, but standing crops were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated to the percentage of the spring-run's water surface shaded by marginal vegetation (r =?0.76). Maximum daily rates of primary productivity were positively correlated with average submerged macrophyte standing crops (r = 0.81; p < 0.001) and inversely correlated with the degree of shading by marginal vegetation (r =? 0.43; p < 0.05).     

Overview of case studies on recovery of aquatic systems from disturbance

An extensive review of the published literature identified more than 150 case studies in which some aspect of resilience in freshwater systems was reported. Approximately 79% of systems studied were lotic and the remainder lentic. Most of the stressor types were chemical with DDT (N=29) and rotenone (N=15) the most common. The most common nonchemical stressors were logging activity (N=16), flooding (N=8), dredging (N=3), and drought (N=7). The variety of endpoints to which recovery could be measured ranged from sparse data for phytoplankton (N=13), periphyton (N=6), and macrophytes (N=8) to relatively more data for fish (N=412) and macroinvertebrates (N=698). Unfortunately the same characteristics were rarely measured consistently among sites. For example, with respect to fish, more than 30 different species were studied and recovery was measured in many ways, most commonly on the basis of: (1) first reappearance of the species, (2) return time of predisturbance densities, and (3) return time of predisturbance average individual size. Based on these criteria, all systems in these studies seem to be resilient to most disturbances with most recovery times being less than three years. Exceptions included when (1) the disturbance resulted in physical alteration of the existing habitat, (2) residual pollutants remained in the system, or (3) the system was isolated and recolonization was suppressed.     

华能丹东发电厂温排水和灰水对近海海域水环境的影响

本文利用二维数学模型对在建的华能丹东电厂的温排和灰水扩散范围进行了预测，计算出可能影响的面积，同时通过对灰水中主要污染物的分析和浓度计算，对附近海域环境质量的影响作出预评估，指出了丹东发电厂建成运行后对周围水域估计不会造成明显的影响。     

水培蔬菜法对富营养化水体中氮磷的去除特性研究

利用水培蔬菜法净化富营养化河水，考察了不同形态的氮磷在处理前后的变化，在此基础上阐明水培法去除富营养化水体中氮磷的过程与机理。