Nutrient Bioassays of Growth Parameters for Algae in the North Bosque River of Central Texas1

Abstract: Nutrient dose‐response bioassays were conducted using water from three sites along the North Bosque River. These bioassays provided support data for refinement of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model used in the development of two phosphorus TMDLs for the North Bosque River. Test organisms were native phytoplanktonic algae and stock cultured Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) Hindak. Growth was measured daily by in vivo fluorescence. Algal growth parameters for maximum growth (μ_max) and half‐saturation constants for nitrogen (K_N) or phosphorus (K_P) were determined by fitting maximum growth rates associated with each dose level to a Monod growth rate function. Growth parameters of native algae were compared between locations and to growth parameters of P. subcapitata and literature values. No significant differences in half‐saturation constants were indicated within nutrient treatment for site or algal type. Geometric mean K_N was 32 μg/l and for K_P 7 μg/l. A significant difference was detected in maximum growth rates between algae types but not between sites or nutrient treatments. Mean μ_max was 1.5/day for native algae and 1.2/day for stock algae. These results indicate that watershed‐specific maximum growth rates may need to be considered when modeling algal growth dynamics with regard to nutrients.     

Phosphate-induced lead immobilization from different lead minerals in soils under varying pH conditions

This study investigated phosphate-induced lead immobilization from different Pb minerals in soils under varying pHs. Four soils were used, including one Pb-contaminated soil (NC-Soil) and three soils spiked with litharge (PbO), cerrusite (PbCO3), or anglesite (PbSO4), referred to as PbO-soil, PbCO3-soil, and PbSO4-soil, respectively. The soils were equilibrated with KCl and Ca(H2PO4)(2).H2O under pH of 3-7. At low pH (3 and 5), Pb solubility followed PbO-soil>PbCO3-soil>PbSO4-soil; while at pH=7, it was PbSO4-soil>PbO-soil>PbCO3-soil. Phosphate decreased Pb dissolution time from >180 to <60 min and reduced soluble Pb by 67-100%. This was mostly via transformation of Pb minerals into chloropyromorphite [Pb(5)(PO(4))(3)Cl]. Our results indicated that P addition can effectively transform various Pb minerals into insoluble chloropyromorphite in soils. This transformation was more significant at acidic condition (e.g., pH相似文献   

Association between micronuclei frequency in pollen mother cells of Tradescantia and mortality due to cancer and cardiovascular diseases: A preliminary study in Sao José dos Campos, Brazil

The present study was designed to explore the correlation between the frequency of micronuclei in Trad-MN, measured across 28 biomonitoring stations during the period comprised between 11 of May and 2 of October, 2006, and adjusted mortality rates due to cardiovascular, respiratory diseases and cancer in Sao José dos Campos, Brazil, an area with different sources of air pollution. For controlling purposes, mortality rate due to gastrointestinal diseases (an event less prone to be affected by air pollution) was also considered in the analysis. Spatial distribution of micronuclei frequency was determined using average interpolation. The association between health estimators and micronuclei frequency was determined by measures of Pearson's correlation. Higher frequencies of micronuclei were detected in areas with high traffic and close to a petrochemical pole. Significant associations were detected between micronuclei frequency and adjusted mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases (r = 0.841, p = 0.036) and cancer (r = 0.890, p = 0.018). The association between mortality due to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases was positive but did not reach statistical significance (r = 0.640, p = 0.172), probably because of the small number of events. Gastrointestinal mortality did not exhibit significant association with micronuclei frequency. Because the small number of observations and the nature of an ecological study, the present findings must be considered with caution and considered as preliminary. Further studies, performed in different conditions of contamination and climate should be done before considering Trad-MN in the evaluation of human health risk imposed by air pollutants.     

白洋淀地区污染状况的生物毒性评价

从1992年10月到1994年4月先后几次对白洋淀集水区,包括淀区及排污河道等十几个样点进行了水样采集和多指标生物毒性检验。选用的生物组合包括：荧光发光菌（Photobacteriumphosphorum）、斜生栅藻（Scenedesmusobliqnus）和大型（Daphiniamagna）,罗非鱼（Tilapiamossambica）鱼肝细胞毒性检验,结果表明大部分样品对光合藻有明显刺激生长的作用。污水库沿线和安新县排污渠水样对浮游动物有毒性作用。府河沿线的水样仅对鱼肝细胞有毒性作用,对发光菌无明显抑制。这些潜在的生物毒性效应是否会影响白洋淀淀区的水生生态系统,需进一步深入研究。     

蛋白核小球藻与单甲脒的相互作用

本文运用评价化学品对藻类毒性的标准实验方法，得出单甲脒抑制蛋白核小球藻（Ｃ．ｐｙｒｅｎｏｉｄｏｓａ ｃｈｉｃｋ）生长的９６ｈ－ＥＣ５０为３．５ｍｇ．１＾－１。实验结果表明，在单甲脒初始浓度分别为３，５，１０和２０ｍｇ．１＾－１条件下，蛋白核小球藻都不具备降解单甲脒的能力。     

Evaluation of soil microbial toxicity of waste foundry sand for soil-related reuse

The relationship between the chemical con- taminants and soil microbial toxicity of waste foundry sand （WFS） was investigated. Five different types of WFS from typical ferrous, aluminum, and steel foundries in China were examined for total metals, leachable metals, and organic contaminants. The soil microbial toxicity of each WFS was evaluated by measuring the dehydrogenase activity （DHA） of a blended soil and WFS mixture and then comparing it to that of unblended soil. The results show that the five WFSs had very different compositions of metal and organic contaminants and thus exhibited very different levels of soil microbial inhibition when blended with soil. For a given WFS blended with soil in the range of 10wt.%-50wt.% WFS, the DHA decreased almost linearly with increased blending ratio. Furthermore, for a given blending ratio, the WFSs with higher concentrations of metal and organic contaminants exhibited greater microbial toxicity. Correlation analysis shows that the relationship between ecotoxicity and metal and organic contaminants of WFSs can be described by an empirical logarithmic linear model. This model may be used to control WFS blending ratios in soil-related applications based on chemical analysis results to prevent significant inhibition of soil microbial activity.     

Development of enterosorbents that can be added to food and water to reduce toxin exposures during disasters

Humans and animals can be exposed to mixtures of chemicals from food and water, especially during disasters such as extended droughts, hurricanes and floods. Drought stress facilitates the occurrence of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins B₁ (AfB₁) and zearalenone (ZEN), while hurricanes and floods can mobilize toxic soil and sediments containing important pesticides (such as glyphosate). To address this problem in food, feed and water, we developed broad-acting, clay-based enterosorbents that can reduce toxin exposures when included in the diet. In this study, we processed sodium and calcium montmorillonite clays with high concentrations of sulfuric acid to increase surface areas and porosities, and conducted equilibrium isothermal analyses and dosimetry studies to derive binding parameters and gain insight into: (1) surface capacities and affinities, (2) potential mechanisms of sorption, (3) thermodynamics (enthalpy) of toxin/surface interactions and (4) estimated dose of sorbent required to maintain toxin threshold limits. We have also used a toxin-sensitive living organism (Hydra vulgaris) to predict the safety and efficacy of newly developed sorbents. Our results indicated that acid processed montmorillonites were effective sorbents for AfB₁, ZEN and glyphosate, with high capacity and tight binding, and effectively protected hydra against individual toxins, as well as mixtures of mycotoxins.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌抗东亚飞蝗(Locusta migratoria manilensis)的活性

采用毒力生物测定的方法,测定了600株从我国各地土壤和死虫等样品中分离的苏云金芽孢杆菌对东亚飞蝗的毒力.这些菌株几乎分布于已知的70个H血清型.在600株苏云金芽孢杆菌中,有560株(占93.4%)对东亚飞蝗无毒(死亡率小于20%),只有3株(占0.5%)对东亚飞蝗有较高毒性(死亡率大于70%).同时对筛选出的特异性菌株的杀虫活性进行了进一步研究.图2表2参8     

江苏省主要水稻品种对甲磺隆的敏感性研究

在用土培方法探索水稻土培生物测定条件的基础上，研究了甲磺隆残留对水稻秧苗根系生长的影响。结果表明，采用高沙土，添加法加入甲磺隆，培养时调节土壤含水量３５％左右，恒温培养６ｄ，将获得满意的甲磺隆残留土培生物测定结果；用此方法测得的江苏主要水稻品种对甲磺隆残留的敏感程度呈现：常规粳稻＞糯稻、杂交粳稻＞常规籼稻＞杂交籼稻之趋势；土壤中甲磺隆残留量达０５μｇ／ｋｇ对江苏大多数水稻品种秧苗根系生长有着强烈的抑制作用。     

白洋淀府河沿线水样毒性及其与污染物类型的关系

对白洋淀府河沿线水样进行了多种生物毒性测试，并用柱色层分离方法连续去除水中阳离子、阴离子和有机物后以斜生栅藻和发光菌为指标，鉴定了所采集水样毒性的产生原因。认为府河水样主要被对斜生栅藻生长有促进作用的营养物质污染，同时伴有轻度亲脂污染物的抑制作用。