贵州万山汞矿地区耐汞野生植物研究

在贵州万山地区废弃汞矿堆和矿山附近,受长期高剂量汞暴露的影响经过的自然选择,该地区出现了一些能耐受汞毒性的生态型植物。对汞耐受及汞富集植物的筛选对于汞污染土壤的植物修复具有一定的现实意义。通过对万山梅子溪地区汞污染土壤及汞耐受植物采样调查发现,该区域采样土壤中汞的含量均在50 mg·kg-1以上,达到重度汞污染水平。对该地区野生植物的采样分析发现,蔷薇科植物悬钩子不仅数量较多,单株植物生物量较大,表现出很强的耐汞毒性的能力,而且植株内可以很大程度地富集汞,在其植株中汞的含量可达20 mg·kg-1左右,属于汞富集植物,另外发现野蒿对汞也具有较强的富集能力,其植株中汞的含量可达10 mg·kg-1以上。该类型植物的发现将为植物的汞耐受以及汞富集机理研究提供新的素材,为汞污染土壤的植物修复技术提供新的植物类型,也为进一步开发汞污染土壤处理技术提供了一种可能。     

Identification of pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation and soil factors that affect their cadmium uptake and translocation

The selection and use of low-Cd-accumulating cultivar （LCAC） has been proposed as one of the promising approaches in minimizing the entry of Cd in the human food chain. This study suggests a screening criterion of LCACs focusing on food safety. Pot culture and plot experiments were conducted to screen out LCACs from 35 pakchoi cultivars and to identify the crucial soil factors that affect Cd accumulation in LCACs. Results of the pot culture experiment showed that shoot Cd concentrations under the three Cd treatments significantly varied across cultivars. Two cultivars, Hualv 2 and Huajun 2, were identified as LCACs because their shoot Cd concentrations were lower than 0.2 mg. kg-1 under low Cd treatment and high Cd exposure did not affect the biomass of their shoots. The plot experiment further confirmed the consistency and genotypic stability of the low-Cd- accumulating traits of the two LCACs under various soil conditions. Results also showed that soil phosphorus availability was the most important soil factor in the Cd accumulation of pakchoi, which related negatively not only to Cd uptake by root but also to Cd translocation from root to shoot. The total Cd accumulation and translocation rates were lower in the LCACs than in the high-Cd cultivar, suggesting that Cd accumulation in different cultivars is associated with the Cd uptake by root as well as translocation from root to shoot. This study proves the feasibility of the application of the LCAC strategy in pakchoi cultivation to cope with Cd contamination in agricultural soils.     

Effects of Matricaria chamomilla L. on lipid peroxidation,antioxidant enzyme systems,and key liver enzymes in CCl4-treated rats

In this study, we investigated the effects of Matricaria chamomilla L. extract (MCE) on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme systems, and several liver enzymes in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-treated rats. Rats were divided into five groups. The first group (control group) was fed on standard feed. The rats in the other groups (CCl₄, MCE50, MCE100, and MCE200) were injected intraperitoneally with 0.8?mL?kg^?1 CCl₄. Moreover, rats in the MCE50, MCE100, and MCE200 groups were gavaged with 50?mg?kg^?1, 100?mg?kg^?1, and 200?mg?kg^?1 MCE, respectively. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, whole blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity levels were measured after 14 days of exposure. ALT and AST in the CCl₄ group increased significantly in comparison to the control group (p?4, MCE50, MCE100, and MCE200 groups at different significance levels. In conclusion, the findings suggest that, depending on the dose administered, MCE decreases CCl₄-induced damage and consequent oxidative stress in rats; it affects the antioxidant system positively.     

Potentiometric studies of mixed complexes of cobalt(II) and copper(II) with l‐Asparagine and adenine

A potentiometric titration technique has been used to determine the stability constants for the various complexes of Co(II) and Cu(II) with L‐asparagine and from DNA base, e.g. adenine. Stability constants of ternary systems have been evaluated by the method suggested by Irwing‐Rossotti. In addition, the conditional constants were calculated as a function of pH. The maximum values of the conditional formation constants were found to be in accordance with the mixed‐ligand complex formation constants in a determined pH region. Furthermore, the molar fractions of different species from mixed complexes were calculated by means of formation constants. The values of stability constants of mixed‐ligand complexes at 25°C are as follows: log K= 5.25 for Co(II)‐L‐asparagine‐adenine; log K= 9.30 for Cu(II)‐L‐asparagine‐adenine. The ionic strength was kept constant at I = 0.20 with NaClO₄.     

链霉菌的抗砷特性及其对蜈蚣草富集砷的作用

本文研究了链霉菌Streptomyces sp.的耐砷特性及其对蜈蚣草富集砷的影响。结果表明,Streptomyces sp.可在100mmo·lL-1的砷酸盐溶液中生长,具有较强的抗砷毒害能力,且在48h内对As(Ⅴ)的还原率达96.5%。施用Streptomyces sp.能促进植物对砷的吸收,蜈蚣草地上部砷浓度为930mg·kg-1,地上部砷累积量达到对照组的2.09倍。加入Streptomyces sp.后,能促进根际土壤中As(Ⅴ)还原成As(Ⅲ),大幅度降低根际土壤残渣态砷含量,从48.15mg·kg-1下降至28.75mg·kg-1。Streptomyces sp.通过影响蜈蚣草根际环境,提高根际土壤pH,增加DOC含量,促使砷形态变化,从而增加砷生物可利用性。该菌可作为强化蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤的材料。     

镉对籽粒苋耐性生理及营养元素吸收积累的影响

初步阐明了镉对籽粒苋耐性生理及营养元素吸收积累的影响,为进一步揭示籽粒苋的镉耐性与镉富集机理奠定了基础。通过对生物量的监测,对叶绿素、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、大量元素及微量元素等的含量的测定,阐明镉胁迫对籽粒苋生长生理、抗胁迫耐性、营养元素吸收分配的影响。研究结果显示,镉胁迫对籽粒苋的生长抑制作用不明显,植株生物量随着镉浓度的提高而轻微降低。随着镉处理浓度的提高,叶绿素含量下降幅度显著;蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量变化幅度不明显;钾含量无大幅变化;镉、磷、钙、镁、锌、铁、锰、铜含量变化幅度较显著。镉、钾、磷、锰的迁移系数随着镉处理浓度的提高无显著变化;钙的迁移系数呈上升趋势;镁、锌、铁、铜的迁移系数均呈下降趋势。这些结果表明：镉胁迫降低籽粒苋叶绿素含量,抑制植株光合作用,继而抑制了植株的生长,但其程度不明显;镉胁迫条件启动活性氧防御机制;引起植株体内部分养分代谢紊乱。结论：低浓度镉处理条件下,籽粒苋受镉离子影响,抗氧化能力下降。在高浓度镉处理条件下,籽粒苋调节了营养元素的吸收和分配,启动了一系列活性氧防御机制,提高了抗胁迫能力。     

佳乐麝香对萝卜种子发芽及DNA损伤的生态毒理影响

由于佳乐麝香(HHCB)被广泛应用于日用化工产品中,被持续不断地释放到环境中,所产生的生态风险已引起越来越多的重视。为探究HHCB的生态毒性效应,在水培条件下考察了不同浓度HHCB对萝卜的表观生长指标(发芽率、根伸长抑制率、芽伸长抑制率)和基于随机引物扩增多态性(RAPD)图谱的根尖DNA损伤状况。研究结果显示:低剂量(≤25 mg·L~(-1))胁迫对萝卜发芽无显著影响(P0.05);高剂量(≥50 mg·L~(-1))胁迫可以显著抑制萝卜发芽率(P0.05)。萝卜的根长和芽长抑制率随HHCB浓度增加而呈上升趋势,且根伸长对HHCB胁迫较芽伸长更敏感,更适宜指示HHCB对植物的生态毒性效应。萝卜根尖基因组DNA的RAPD分析结果表明:大于或等于5 mg·L~(-1)的HHCB即可明显导致萝卜根尖基因组DNA损伤,且随着HHCB浓度的升高,根尖基因组DNA含量呈线性降低,DNA多态率增加,基因组模板稳定性(GTS)减小,遗传相似性变远。这表明较低剂量的HHCB胁迫就能够导致萝卜根尖基因组DNA损伤,且随浓度升高而损伤严重。因此,利用RAPD技术获得的萝卜DNA多态性变化可作为检测HHCB遗传毒性效应的敏感生物标记物,为化学品污染生态毒理早期诊断提供科学依据。     

农地土壤重金属Pb和Cd有效性测定方法的筛选与评价

作物重金属累积主要受土壤中重金属有效性的制约,由于土壤种类和污染特征的差异,目前尚无公认的有效态测定方法.为筛选建立适宜土壤铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）有效性评价的方法,本文选择重庆市4种性质差异较大的典型农地土壤：酸性紫色土、中性紫色土、石灰性黄壤和钙质紫色土,系统比较了氯化钙（CaCl₂）、醋酸铵（NH₄OAc）、盐酸（HCl）、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐（EDTA）和二乙基三胺五乙酸（DTPA）这5种化学提取方法与梯度扩散薄膜技术（DGT）对供试土壤Pb和Cd的提取能力,并以黑麦草为指示植物开展盆栽试验,探讨不同提取剂提取量与植物Pb和Cd累积能力的相关性,进而综合评价不同方法的适宜性.结果表明,不同提取方法对Pb和Cd的提取量存在明显差异：酸性紫色土和石灰性黄壤中以HCl-Pb提取态含量最高,中性紫色土和钙质紫色土中则以EDTA-Pb提取态含量最高;除钙质紫色土以EDTA-Cd提取态含量最高外,其余3种土壤则是以HCl-Cd提取态含量最高.考虑提取量与植物吸收量之间的相关关系,在相同类型土壤上,可选择除CaCl₂外的5种提取方法作为Pb的评价方法,Cd则是6种提取方法均较适合.在不同类型土壤中,EDTA-Pb提取态和DGT-Cd提取态含量与黑麦草地上部Pb和Cd含量相关性最高,相关系数分别为0.941和0.919,说明EDTA提取适用于不同类型土壤间Pb生物有效性的比较与评价,而Cd则以DGT技术最好,化学提取剂中以HCl较为适宜.     

不同品种水稻对Cu积累分配的差异

以21个水稻品种（包括常规稻、二系杂交稻、三系杂交稻）为材料,通过室内盆栽试验探讨了Cu在不同品种水稻根-茎-叶-籽粒（糙米）中的积累分配的差异。结果表明,供试水稻品种根、茎、叶、籽粒中Cu含量的均值分别是67.35、16.24、8.29、11.62mg·kg-1,多数水稻品种Cu的含量顺序是根茎籽粒（糙米）叶,但也有少部分水稻品种Cu的含量顺序是根籽粒（糙米）茎叶。各器官的Cu含量在不同品种间存在显著差异,其中以根和籽粒Cu含量的差异最大,茎次之,叶最小。常规稻根部Cu含量显著低于杂交稻,而叶中Cu含量显著高于杂交稻,但两者的茎和籽粒中Cu含量没有明显的差异。三系杂交稻根、茎、籽粒Cu含量显著高于二系杂交稻,而叶的Cu含量两者差异不显著。不同遗传背景的水稻各器官对Cu积累也存在不同程度的差异。相关分析结果表明,不同品种水稻相邻器官（根与茎,茎与叶）的Cu含量呈极显著正相关,相间器官（根与叶、籽粒,茎与籽粒）的Cu含量呈显著正相关,地上部各器官Cu的转运系数相互之间呈极显著的正相关。     

渭干—库车河三角洲绿洲土壤盐渍化空间分布特征遥感监测研究

渭干-库车河三角洲绿洲是位于塔里木盆地北缘的具有典型干旱特征的绿洲。干旱地区生态环境脆弱,土壤盐渍化严重破坏了国民经济的生产和生态环境的平衡,所以对干旱区盐渍化问题进行系统的研究是非常必要的。本文采用研究区的2001年8月6日遥感图像进行K-L和K-T变换,经过一系列波段结合．我们得到TM3、KL3、KT2波段结合是盐碱地信息提取的最佳波段结合;然后把研究区的等高线矢量图转换成DEM立体图,以及分类结果和DEM之间进行对比,结果表明,立体图的凹区和分类图的盐碱地基本重合在一起,从而我们得到导致该地区的盐渍化问题的自然和人文因素中,地形因素是占在主导地位的。