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211.
长白山区沟谷乌拉苔草Carex meyeriana沼泽湿地气候效应 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通过对长白山区沟谷沼泽典型乌拉苔草湿地土壤温度、乌拉苔草群落相对湿度、叶片温度、风速、光量子通量密度以及蒸腾速率的日变化和蒸腾速率的季节变化的研究,初步揭示沟谷乌拉苔草沼泽湿地的气候效应。结果表明长白山沟谷沼泽湿地具有三江平原沼泽同样的冷湿效应。土壤化通时间比三江平原化通时间提前1个多月,蒸腾速率日变化不同季节趋势基本一致,不同层次叶片的蒸腾速率日变化趋势基本一致,最大值在7至8月份蒸腾速率(H2O)达到100~140 mol.m-2.s-1。光量子通量密度与温度成正比,与湿度成反比,大气温度日变化和叶片温度日变化趋势基本相同,相对湿度的日变化趋势和大气温度的变化趋势正好相反,和光量子通量密度的变化趋势相反。沟谷湿地的同样具有小气候效应。 相似文献
212.
多环芳烃类化合物(PAHs)是海洋中常见的一类持久性有机污染物,对海洋生态安全及海洋生物健康造成严重威胁。海洋贝类作为海洋生态毒理学研究的模式生物,其滤食性、固着性等生理特点使其对PAHs具有较高的生物蓄积能力,可以在不同生物水平产生一系列的毒性效应。本文综述目前PAHs在海洋贝类多种生物水平所造成的生物毒性效应及其检测方法的研究进展,重点从个体生理特征、组织结构、细胞毒性和基因毒性4个层次展开讨论,为更有效地利用海洋贝类这一模型生物,深入开展PAHs对海洋生物的致毒效应与机制研究提供思路与检测方法参考。 相似文献
213.
Svecevicius G Kazlauskiene N Vosyliene MZ 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2003,10(5):281-283
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Orimulsion (stable emulsion of natural bitumen and water) is a new imported industrial fuel in Lithuania. No data on its toxicity to fish is freely available. The aim of this study was to investigate sensitivity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to acute and chronic toxicity of orimulsion and to estimate the Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of orimulsion to fish. METHODS: Laboratory tests were conducted on rainbow trout in all stages of development (embryos, larvae, adults). Acute toxicity (96-hour duration) and long-term (28 or 60-day duration) tests evaluating the wide range spectrum of biological indices were performed under semi-static conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Median lethal concentration (96-hour LC50) values and their 95% confidence intervals derived from the tests were: 0.1 (0.09-0.12) to embryos, 0.06 (0.05-0.07) to larvae and 2.22 (2.02-2.43) to adult fish, and 28-day LC50 to adult fish was found to be 0.26 (0.21-0.32) g/l of total orimulsion respectively. The acute toxicity of orimulsion to rainbow trout can be characterised by a narrow zone of toxic effect and a sharp boundary between lethal and sublethal concentrations. The lowest 'safe' or 'no-effect' concentration values of total orimulsion obtained in long-term tests were equal to 0.09 g/l to adult fish, 0.019 g/l to embryos, and 0.0017 g/l to larvae. Proposed value of 'application factor' for orimulsion was found to be equal to 0.03. Since orimulsion has the property to disperse in all water volume, its toxic effect on fish can be characterised by the combined effects of dispersion and water-soluble-fraction. CONCLUSIONS: Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentration (MATC) of 0.0017 g/l of total orimulsion to fish was derived from long-term tests based on the most sensitive parameter of rainbow trout larvae (relative mass increase at the end of the test). According to substance toxicity classification accepted for Lithuanian inland waters, orimulsion can be referred to substances of 'moderate' toxicity to fish. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: For prediction and evaluation of toxic impact of orimulsion accident spills on fish, some recommendations should be given. Since orimulsion has the property to disperse in all water volume during short time periods, the amounts of both spilled orimulsion and polluted water should be ascertained. Once both parameters are known, the real concentration of orimulsion in the water body must be determined. Then this concentration must be compared with 'safe' concentration to fish. By use of 'application factor' 0.03, approximate MATC for other fish species can be estimated when only acute toxicity data (96-hour LC50 value) is available. 相似文献
214.
Alang-Sosiya situated on the Gulf of Cambay is one of the largest ship breaking yard in the world. The seasonal distribution and contamination levels of dissolved and/or dispersed total petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals in seawater during high tide are investigated. The concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals are higher in the winter than in the monsoon and summer. The concentrations of total PHCs and PAHs are about three times higher in the winter and two times in the monsoon or summer at Along-Sosiya and about twice in all seasons at two stations one on either side 5 km away from it as compared to the reference station at Mahuva, 60 km away towards the south. Further, the levels of PHCs are correlated with salinity and compared with those of other regions. The concentration of all metals is the highest in the winter season followed by the monsoon and summer. We carried out the quantitative analysis of the possible relationships among 13 variables such as Al, Fe, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co, pH, NO3-, NO2 and PO4(3-). 相似文献
215.
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218.
James V. Zidek Gavin Shaddick Jean Meloche Chris Chatfield Rick White 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2007,14(4):411-431
This paper presents a general framework for constructing a predictive distribution of the exposure to an environmental hazard
sustained by a randomly selected member of a designated population. The individual’s exposure is assumed to arise from random
movement through the environment, resulting in a distribution of exposure that can be used for environmental risk analysis.
A specialization of the general framework is that of predicting human exposure to air pollution that can be used to develop
models for such things as exposure to particulate matter; practical aspects of their construction are considered. These models
can help answer questions such as what fraction of the population sustained ‘high’ levels of exposure for say 5 days in a
row. The immediate implementation of the above framework takes the form of a computing platform referred to as pCNEM. This provides a facility for simulating exposures to airborne pollutants and is described in detail elsewhere. This paper
considers some theoretical aspects underpinning probabilistic exposure models of this type, with the ideas illustrated in
developing a model for predicting human exposure to PM
10. 相似文献
219.
We used a brood-size manipulation to test the effect of rearing environment on structural coloration of feathers grown by
eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis) nestlings. Ultraviolet (UV)-blue structural coloration has been shown to be sexually selected in this species. Our experimental
design took advantage of the growth of UV-blue wing feathers in nestlings that are retained as part of the first nuptial plumage.
We cross-fostered nestlings to create enlarged and reduced broods with the purpose of manipulating parental feeding rates
and measured the effect on nestling growth and plumage coloration. Brood size influenced feeding rates to offspring, but the
effect varied with season. In general, male nestlings reared in reduced broods were fed more often, weighed more, and displayed
brighter structural plumage compared to nestlings reared in enlarged broods. Female nestlings appeared to experience less
adverse affects of brood enlargement, and we did not detect an effect of brood-size manipulation on the plumage coloration
of female nestlings. Measures of plumage coloration in both males and females, however, were correlated to hatching date and
nestling mass during feather development. These data provide empirical evidence that environmental quality can influence the
development of the blue structural coloration of feathers and that males may be more sensitive to environmental fluctuations
than females. 相似文献
220.
Salamander Abundance along Road Edges and within Abandoned Logging Roads in Appalachian Forests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
RAYMOND D. SEMLITSCH TRAVIS J. RYAN† KEVIN HAMED‡ MATT CHATFIELD§ BETHANY DREHMAN NICOLE PEKAREK†† MIKE SPATH‡‡ ANGIE WATLAND§§ 《Conservation biology》2007,21(1):159-167
Abstract: Roads may be one of the most common disturbances in otherwise continuous forested habitat in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Despite their obvious presence on the landscape, there is limited data on the ecological effects along a road edge or the size of the "road-effect zone." We sampled salamanders at current and abandoned road sites within the Nantahala National Forest, North Carolina (U.S.A.) to determine the road-effect zone for an assemblage of woodland salamanders. Salamander abundance near the road was reduced significantly, and salamanders along the edges were predominantly large individuals. These results indicate that the road-effect zone for these salamanders extended 35 m on either side of the relatively narrow, low-use forest roads along which we sampled. Furthermore, salamander abundance was significantly lower on old, abandoned logging roads compared with the adjacent upslope sites. These results indicate that forest roads and abandoned logging roads have negative effects on forest-dependent species such as plethodontid salamanders. Our results may apply to other protected forests in the southern Appalachians and may exemplify a problem created by current and past land use activities in all forested regions, especially those related to road building for natural-resource extraction. Our results show that the effect of roads reached well beyond their boundary and that abandonment or the decommissioning of roads did not reverse detrimental ecological effects; rather, our results indicate that management decisions have significant repercussions for generations to come. Furthermore, the quantity of suitable forested habitat in the protected areas we studied was significantly reduced: between 28.6% and 36.9% of the area was affected by roads. Management and policy decisions must use current and historical data on land use to understand cumulative impacts on forest-dependent species and to fully protect biodiversity on national lands 相似文献