生活垃圾焚烧二噁英排放对人群健康影响研究进展

综述了二噁英对人体健康的危害特性, 以及我国生活垃圾焚烧厂二噁英排放浓度水平,及其周边环境空气和土壤中二噁英污染浓度水平、人群暴露途径、剂量和健康影响。指出,现有研究显示,我国生活垃圾焚烧排放的二噁英浓度在合理范围之内,垃圾焚烧厂周边人群二噁英暴露量普遍低于世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐的容许标准,但也有研究发现,垃圾焚烧会导致周边环境介质中二噁英浓度水平增高。提出,应重点关注垃圾焚烧排放二噁英的长期低剂量暴露对人群健康的影响。     

微塑料在哺乳动物的暴露途径、毒性效应和毒性机制浅述

微塑料广泛存在于大气、土壤和水体环境中,其对人体的危害正受到广泛关注.本文阐述了当前对微塑料在哺乳动物的暴露途径、毒性作用和毒性机制的认识.空气-呼吸系统、食物/饮水-消化系统以及洗漱/护肤产品-皮肤等都是目前最常见的微塑料人体暴露途径,其中消化系统暴露是最主要的方式.目前的研究显示肠道、肝脏和肾脏是主要的微塑料富集部...     

Effects of Pioneer Tree Species Hyperabundance on Forest Fragments in Northeastern Brazil

Abstract: Despite many studies on fragmentation of tropical forests, the extent to which plant and animal communities are altered in small, isolated forest fragments remains obscure if not controversial. We examined the hypothesis that fragmentation alters the relative abundance of tree species with different vegetative and reproductive traits. In a fragmented landscape (670 km²) of the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil, we categorized 4056 trees of 182 species by leafing pattern, reproductive phenology, and morphology of seeds and fruit. We calculated relative abundance of traits in 50 1‐ha plots in three types of forest configurations: forest edges, small forest fragments (3.4–83.6 ha), and interior of the largest forest fragment (3500 ha, old growth). Although evergreen species were the most abundant across all configurations, forest edges and small fragments had more deciduous and semideciduous species than interior forest. Edges lacked supra‐annual flowering and fruiting species and had more species and stems with drupes and small seeds than small forest fragments and forest interior areas. In an ordination of species similarity and life‐history traits, the three types of configurations formed clearly segregated clusters. Furthermore, the differences in the taxonomic and functional (i.e., trait‐based) composition of tree assemblages we documented were driven primarily by the higher abundance of pioneer species in the forest edge and small forest fragments. Our work provides strong evidence that long‐term transitions in phenology and seed and fruit morphology of tree functional groups are occurring in fragmented tropical forests. Our results also suggest that edge‐induced shifts in tree assemblages of tropical forests can be larger than previously documented.     

基于文献计量的过去30 a稀土开发环境效应研究综述

稀土开发环境效应是地球环境及可持续发展领域的重要课题,过去30 a以来,全球稀土产量增加了400%,但稀土开发环境效应研究一直缺乏系统综述。以Web of Science核心合集和中国知网（CNKI）数据库为基础,基于定量分析与定性认知相结合的判读方法,对过去30 a以来稀土开发环境效应研究文献进行计量分析并开展讨论,揭示稀土环境效应研究发展特点与发展趋势。研究表明：稀土开发环境效应研究文献从2011年开始呈现快速增长,但研究团体具有明显地方性且协作程度较低;中文文献侧重于稀土开发的宏观环境问题研究,而外文文献则侧重于微观机理研究;中国是重要的知识创造中心,美国是国际合作网络中心;研究主题主要包含环境效应来源、影响因素、环境后果以及技术方法等。未来需要加强稀土开发环境效应的全过程生命周期研究,提升中国合作中心地位,强化对稀土开发的深度认知和数据积累。     

Ecological and Toxicological Effects of Exposure to an Acidic, Radioactive Tailings Storage

The persistence of an island of remnant vegetation within a tailings retention system provided an opportunity to conduct a pilot study to develop hypothesis concerning the impacts of acid spray and radiation on arid zone flora and fauna. Ecological changes were investigated by comparing species abundance and condition on both the study island and remote control areas. Hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa), geckos and a common ant species, Iridomyrmex rufoniger sp. B were abundant in control regions but absent from the study region, whereas densities of colonising plant species, Helea beetles and scorpions were unusually high at the impacted site. These disparities are probably attributable to acid spray at the impacted site and hence are potentially useful bioindicators of these impacts. Dragon and skink populations were apparently unaffected by the polluted ecosystem, although Ctenophorus nuchalis proved to be a significant bioaccumulator of radionuclides. Bioaccumulation of the radionuclides, ²³⁸U, ²³⁰Th, ²¹⁰Pb and particularly ²¹⁰Po were significantly greater than that reported elsewhere in the literature. Further radionuclide monitoring of herbivorous dragon species, possibly concentrating upon ²¹⁰Po levels, was the suggested outcome of this pilot study.     

多效唑的土壤微生物生态效应

通过室内实验和野外田间实验,研究了多效唑对土壤硝化作用,脱氢酶活性,呼吸强度和微生物生物量的生态效应,阐明多效唑对土壤微生物无长期不利影响。但其短期效应仍值得关注,需进一步深入探讨。     

硫酸盐和氯离子对厌氧生物过程抑制作用的研究

采用混合式厌氧反应器,以酒槽废水为基质,在厌氧体系中投加不同浓度的ＳＯ－和Ｃｌ－,研究盐离子日加入量和累积量与厌氧体系抑制程度的关系,得出维持厌氧体系正常运行所允许的日加入量（ＳＯ－低于１４４ｍｇ／Ｌ,Ｃｌ低于３１９５ｍｇ／Ｌ）和累积浓度（ＳＯ－低于３００ｍｇ／Ｌ,Ｃｌ－低于２００００ｍｇ／Ｌ）;研究了污泥对ＳＯ－和Ｃｌ－的负荷,在ＳＯ－／ＶＳ浓度为５．５５ｇ／ｋｇ和Ｃｌ－／ＶＳ为５８．６ｇ／ｋｇ时,对厌氧体系无抑制作用。     

沉积物粒度对重金属吸附的影响

本文报道了渭河沉积物对重金属的吸附特性.结果表明,渭河沉积物吸附重金属的粒度效应决定于不同粒度沉积物的物质构成和颗粒表面特性,该效应是由沉积物对重金属的吸附速率的差别来体现的.不同粒度所决定的颗粒比表面积的差异不是影响重金属吸附粒度效应的主要因素.     

土地利用/土地覆被变化对区域生态环境的影响

土地利用／ 土地覆被变化对区域生态环境的影响是土地利用／ 土地覆被变化研究的重要内容。本文分析了土地利用／ 土地覆被变化对区域气候、土壤、水量和水质的影响。土地利用／ 土地覆被变化通过改变地表发射率、温室气体和痕量气体的含量影响区域气候;土地利用／土地覆被变化影响着能量交换、水交换、侵蚀与堆积、生物循环和作物生产等土壤主要生态过程,不同土地利用方式和土地覆被类型的空间组合影响着土壤养分的迁移规律;土地利用／ 土地覆被变化对水质的影响主要是通过非点源污染途径,许多非点源污染来源都同土地利用／土地覆被变化紧密联系。文中还探讨了由于人类不合理的土地利用造成的土壤侵蚀、土地退化、水资源短缺、海水入侵等生态环境问题。     

光电耦合技术处理3,4-二甲基苯胺废水的协同效应

高级催化氧化法的复合水处理工艺经常出现协同效应,但对于协同效应的产生机理仍不清楚。因此,针对光电耦合催化氧化体系,采用协同度为量化指标,研究了不同光照、电流密度、曝气强度、初始pH等条件对光电耦合催化体系降解3, 4-二甲基苯胺(3,4-DMA)的协同效应的影响;并通过光助电催化实验、电助光催化实验和羟基自由基检测实验,探讨了协同效应存在的原因。结果表明,光电耦合催化氧化系统存在协同效应,且协同度受外部条件的影响。协同效应产生的原因主要包括：外加电场促进体系产生了更多的羟基自由基;紫外光照使得3,4-DMA及其降解中间产物受到激发而提高了对羟基自由基等活性氧物种的利用率;电催化过程中的析氧副反应为光催化提供了电子受体,从而提高了系统的总体降解效率。这为深入研究和人为调控协同效应提供了新的方法。