荒漠能源植物气化发电的环境影响评价

对荒漠生物质气化发电进行LCA评价,建立评价模型,在评价过程中选用了燃煤发电系统为参照.研究结果表明,生物质利用过程没有CO2的排放,整个发电周期中仅原料的生产、运输以及预处理过程消耗能量导致CO2排放,因此生物质气化发电方案的排放量远远小于燃煤方案,减排量达到了87%-94%.生物质发电与燃煤发电相比,对环境污染降低程度的总指数为3.68.生物质能源的开发大大削减了化石能源利用带来的环境污染问题,同时也能够缓解能源危机.     

第二阶梯湖泊富营养化自然地理因素及效应

为了明晰影响我国地形地貌第二级阶梯湖泊富营养化的主要自然地理驱动因素,为湖泊富营养化的有效治理提供参考,采用曲线回归方法分析了位于我国第二级阶梯的云南和新疆湖泊中Chl-a以及营养状态综合指数(TLI)与自然地理特征的相关性.结果表明,平均水深、海拔以及年均温与TLI指数具有较好的相关性,拟合模型分别符合三次/对数模型、二次模型和三次模型.Chl-a与年平均日照时数具有较好的相关性,拟合模型符合二次/三次模型.分析富营养化效应,藻类生长对透明度的影响以及营养物质对浮游藻类的生态效应(Chl-a/TP),结果发现,新疆湖泊中Chl-a与透明度呈倒数关系,云南湖泊中Chl-a与透明度呈幂函数关系;Chl-a与总磷的线性方程的斜率分别为177.595(云南)和222.758(新疆).影响我国第二级阶梯湖泊富营养化的主要自然地理驱动因素是湖泊的平均水深、海拔、年均温度及年平均日照时数,透明度与Chl-a含量的相关性以及营养物质TP对浮游藻类的生态效应存在区域差异.     

Effects of relative humidity on the characterization of a photochemical smog chamber

A linear relationship between k_NO2→HONO and relative humidity in smog chamber is found in this work.     

人工纳米材料对贝类生态毒理效应的研究进展

纳米技术已成为21世纪发展最迅猛的技术领域之一。纳米材料因其具备新异的物理、化学特性而广泛应用于各种领域,包括农业,电子工业,生物医学,制造业,医药品和化妆品等,因此纳米颗粒不可避免会释放到水环境中。贝类由于其具有分布广,处于食物链中的关键位置,滤食食性,对重金属及污染物有较强的生物累积能力,且很多贝类具有养殖和商业价值,因而纳米颗粒对贝类的生态毒性效应备受关注。本文通过对已有相关研究成果进行归纳分析,重点阐述了3方面的内容:1)人工纳米材料在水环境中的行为;2)贝类作为水生污染监测指示生物的重要意义;3)人工纳米材料对贝类的毒性效应,主要包括贝类对纳米颗粒摄取、积累和转移,并从组织细胞水平,分子和基因水平,胚胎发育和个体生长水平等阐述了纳米材料对贝类的毒性效应。     

土地利用规划对建设用地扩张的管控效果分析——基于一致性与有效性的复合视角

为了研究土地利用规划对建设用地扩张的管控效果,论文从规划目标一致性与实施有效性两个视角出发构建概念模型,选择GIS空间分析方法与Logistic计量模型作为技术支撑,对江苏通州进行案例研究。结果表明:1基于一致性视角,从空间规模与空间结构控制效果来看,通州土地利用总体规划在2002—2010年间对建设用地扩张的管控效果较差,对具体地类而言,新增城镇工矿用地的管控效果要优于农村居民点用地;2基于有效性视角,规划对建设用地扩张具有显著影响,规划确定的建设预留区对建设用地扩张起到了明显的空间引导作用,但与预期相反,规划基本农田保护区却未发挥出应有的约束作用;3综合来看,规划实施的一致性较差,且规划管控仅在一定程度上有效,处于不完全理想的状态;4对比可知,发展到一定阶段之后,空间区位变量对建设用地扩张的驱动作用会相对更强,意味着集聚发展可能成为必然,有必要强化规划实施的空间管控效果。该模型能够较好地评价土地利用规划对建设用地扩张的管控效果,可为完善规划实施评价的理论与技术方法提供参考。     

新型人工湿地对工业区降雨径流的净化研究

根据东莞市同沙水库集水区内工业区降雨径流的水质、水量特征,采用新型折流式人工湿地对其进行模拟及实地降雨径流净化研究.对人工湿地不同运行阶段模拟降雨径流的净化效果进行对比,分析COD、SS、TN、TP、NH4+-N以及重金属Pb、Zn、Cu在湿地系统中的沿程变化,探讨它们的主要去除机制.模拟净化研究中,除TN外,湿地系统出水各污染物均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类质量标准,TN达Ⅳ类标准;且大部分污染物在湿地前端被去除.实地降雨径流净化研究中,COD、SS、TN、TP及NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为90.9%、97.0%、83.4%、92.2%、90.0%;重金属Pb、Zn、Cu的平均去除率分别为98.4%、94.1%、93.6%,出水均能达地表Ⅲ类水标准.研究表明,折流式人工湿地系统对工业区降雨径流的净化效果显著,湿地系统具有较强抗冲击负荷能力.另外,小幅温度变化对湿地系统中污染物的去除影响不大.     

Environmental effects of shipping imports from China and their economic valuation: the case of metallic valve components

This paper aims to consider the total cost, including polluting environmental emissions, of imports from China to Europe of five valve components in aluminium, steel and iron. These are compared with locally produced alternatives to investigate whether internalising such external costs affects their price competitiveness. Seaborne trade represents 90% of international trade and is growing faster than the world’s economy, but marine pollution emissions are not reflected in market prices. Chinese aluminium, iron and steel production are about 2.5 times more polluting than their European counterparts, but this is also not reflected in prices. In this paper both types of extra emissions are calculated, valued and added to the cost of the components analysed, for comparison with locally produced alternatives. The locally produced components generally remain uncompetitive with Chinese imports for all likely values of external cost, except for heavy aluminium components under high external cost assumptions. The Chinese iron components analysed are simply too low in cost for European (in this case Spanish) equivalents to be competitive even allowing for environmental costs; while the stainless steel ones are so small and light that transport cost, even including externalities, is not significant. While these specific results are of limited generalizability, they provide insight into an issue of considerable and growing importance. Some suggestions are offered for further research.     

纳米二氧化铈对蛋白核小球藻的生物学效应研究

纳米二氧化铈(CeO_2)在被广泛使用的同时,其潜在的环境效应也受到人们越来越多的关注。以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)为实验材料,研究纳米CeO_2的生物学效应,为探索纳米材料对微藻的生物学效应提供理论基础和数据支持。研究结果显示:1)纳米CeO_2在低浓度(≤80 mg·L~(-1))时可促进蛋白核小球藻的生长及色素、可溶性蛋白等的合成,但在高浓度(80 mg·L~(-1))下具有毒性效应;2)低浓度纳米CeO_2可诱导藻细胞合成超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等可溶性蛋白,以抵御纳米CeO_2的胁迫;但在高浓度时又会降低SOD活力;3)随着纳米CeO_2浓度的升高,藻细胞中丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量显著增加,说明藻细胞中活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)过量积累,这将破坏藻细胞的膜结构与功能,使细胞遭受严重损伤。     

Fragmentation effects on an endangered species across a gradient from the interior to edge of its range

Understanding how habitat fragmentation affects individual species is complicated by challenges associated with quantifying species-specific habitat and spatial variability in fragmentation effects within a species’ range. We aggregated a 29-year breeding survey data set for the endangered marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) from >42,000 forest sites throughout the Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, and northern California) of the United States. We built a species distribution model (SDM) in which occupied sites were linked with Landsat imagery to quantify murrelet-specific habitat and then used occupancy models to test the hypotheses that fragmentation negatively affects murrelet breeding distribution and that these effects are amplified with distance from the marine foraging habitat toward the edge of the species’ nesting range. Murrelet habitat declined in the Pacific Northwest by 20% since 1988, whereas the proportion of habitat comprising edges increased by 17%, indicating increased fragmentation. Furthermore, fragmentation of murrelet habitat at landscape scales (within 2 km of survey stations) negatively affected occupancy of potential breeding sites, and these effects were amplified near the range edge. On the coast, the odds of occupancy decreased by 37% (95% confidence interval [CI] –54 to 12) for each 10% increase in edge habitat (i.e., fragmentation), but at the range edge (88 km inland) these odds decreased by 99% (95% CI 98 to 99). Conversely, odds of murrelet occupancy increased by 31% (95% CI 14 to 52) for each 10% increase in local edge habitat (within 100 m of survey stations). Avoidance of fragmentation at broad scales but use of locally fragmented habitat with reduced quality may help explain the lack of murrelet population recovery. Further, our results emphasize that fragmentation effects can be nuanced, scale dependent, and geographically variable. Awareness of these nuances is critical for developing landscape-level conservation strategies for species experiencing broad-scale habitat loss and fragmentation.     

多效唑的土壤微生物生态效应

通过室内实验和野外田间实验,研究了多效唑对土壤硝化作用,脱氢酶活性,呼吸强度和微生物生物量的生态效应,阐明多效唑对土壤微生物无长期不利影响。但其短期效应仍值得关注,需进一步深入探讨。