On the origin of elevated levels of persistent chemicals in the environment

In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic, organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment, three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition, volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying the fate of chemicals in the environment.     

天然高分子改性絮凝剂的性能及与磁场协同混凝效能研究

介绍以纤维素为主的植物高分子硅酸改性新型絮凝剂的结构,粘度等性能,以给水水源为研究对象,在磁场的协同作用下强化混凝处理,通过浊度、残铝量,耗氧量等指标反应了在常规给水处理工艺的基础上进行有效深度处理的可能性。     

大型冶炼厂重金属环境污染特征及其生态效应

对湖北某大型冶炼厂周边的土壤-水-水体底泥-农作物体系进行了系统研究.结果表明,水稻土中重金属含量普遍高于旱地土,均表现为耕作层显著地高于深层.其中,Cd含量为国标三级土壤阈值的8～26倍.Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn在大多数样品中不超标,但远高于对照区.耕作层中重金属的可还原态、可氧化态、残渣态分量之和大大高于弱酸提取态,而可还原态和可氧化态分量之和则远高于残渣态.深层的弱酸提取态含量远高于其余3态之和,与已有的研究结果不同.该区域生长的蔬菜呈现Cd、Pb复合污染,糙米中Cd含量超标.作物的重金属污染与元素的形态分布密切相关,其中弱酸提取态分量愈高,作物愈易受污染.     

A statistical model to forecast the profile of the index structure constant $${C_N^2}$$

A statistical study was performed over 145 profiles of meteorological balloons, equipped with microthermal sensors, from the ground to the midstratosphere. This study put into evidence the lognormal distribution of the fluctuations of the structure constant of temperature, the fluctuations of the buoyancy force and the vertical shear of the horizontal wind speed. We show that these quantities, computed over a large scale (100 m), are correlated up to the midstratosphere. A model is adjusted to estimate the optical turbulence strength from the macroscopic meteorological parameters. The model performances, to estimate and forecast the strength and the altitude of the optical turbulent layers, are quantified and compared with other already defined models. This model was shown to have the best performances and put into evidence a new relation to describe the turbulence on a large scale.     

大气臭氧变化对油菜影响的模拟试验

在开顶式气室中,研究了不同O3浓度(8.93×10_-94.465×10_-10,4.46×10_-92.230×10_-10,2.23×10_-91.115×10s_-10,≤4.46×10_-910,1.12×10-9～1.79×10-9mol/L)和不同熏气天数(5,10,15,30d)处理对盆栽油菜的影响.结果表明,O3浓度升高,油菜可出现失水、畸形、叶片色斑等伤害症状.移出熏气环境后原伤害不能恢复,黄叶率显著增加,新生叶无明显伤害症状.高O3浓度短期熏气可促进油菜后期生长,对前期O3影响有补偿效应.试验还表明,增加O3浓度和延长熏气时间一般可增加叶片气孔阻力,降低气孔传导,抑制CO2吸收和水汽交换,提高叶温,降低光合速率,还可抑制根系生长,降低生物产量和经济产量,并使光合产物向各器官的分配模式发生变化.     

The coastal component of the U.S. integrated ocean observing system

The combined effects of human activities and natural variability present significant challenges to the goals of protecting, restoring, and sustaining coastal ecosystems. Meeting these challenges and resolving conflicts in an informed fashion will require: (1) more timely detection and prediction of environmental changes and their consequences; and (2) more timely access to relevant environmental information. The achievement of these goals depends on the development of a sustained and integrated coastal ocean observing system (ICOOS) that insures timely access to the data and information required to improve: (1) climate predictions and the effects of changes in the weather on coastal populations; (2) efforts to sustain and restore healthy coastal marine ecosystems and living marine resources; and (3) compliance monitoring and evaluations of the efficacy of environmental policies. Although the responsible federal and state agencies all require similar environmental information, many separate programs have evolved for collecting, managing, and analyzing data for various purposes. Consequently, there is too much redundancy; access to diverse data from disparate sources is limited and time consuming; and individual programs are inevitably underfunded and too limited in scope. A system is needed that coordinates and integrates many of the elements of these programs to minimize redundancy, be more comprehensive, provide more timely access to data and information, and satisfy the information needs of a greater number of user groups in a more cost-effective fashion. This is the purpose of the ICOOS.     

微塑料与Cd交互作用对小麦种子发芽的生态毒性研究

为探究微塑料、重金属以及二者的交互作用对农作物种子生长特性的影响,选取小麦(Triticum aestivum L)为实验对象,开展土壤中微塑料聚乙烯(mPE)和聚丙烯(mPP)(0,10,50,100,200,500,1000,5000和10000mg/kg)与重金属镉(Cd)(0,1和5mg/kg)单一及复合污染对...     

酚类环境雌激素对水生生物毒性效应的研究进展

已有研究发现多种酚类化合物可以干扰水生生物正常内分泌代谢,对生物生殖系统、神经系统、免疫系统等产生毒性效应,进而通过食物链的生物放大作用对人体产生危害。酚类化合物对生物体的内分泌干扰效应已经成为了近年来的研究热点。结合近年来国内外毒理学研究进展,在详细概述酚类化合物对水生生物的毒性效应及作用机制的基础上,并对目前研究中存在的问题以及未来的研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

TiO2光催化降解有机污染物的协同效应研究

微量的强氧化剂H2O2、O3引入纳米TiO2光催化体系能够极大地提高有机污染物氧化降解效率.本文通过对这一效应促进有机物降解的相关文献综述,探讨论述了协同效应产生的机理以及影响因素,并就其将来研究与实际污染物处理应用提出了新思路.     

污染场地中有机氯农药对土壤原生动物群的影响

有机氯农药污染土壤对生态环境具有潜在的风险。采集某废弃农药厂污染场地的土壤样品,测定了土壤的理化性质,以及典型有机氯农药滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)的残留浓度,并对土壤中原生动物的组成和数量进行了分析。结果显示,农药厂区域的土壤中原生动物的组成结构为:鞭毛虫和肉足虫为优势类群,纤毛虫为稀有类群。土壤理化性质与原生动物数量的相关性分析表明,总氮含量与鞭毛虫、纤毛虫数量和原生动物总数量呈显著正相关,总磷含量与肉足虫数量呈显著正相关。同时,农药厂区域土壤中的原生动物数量较对照区显著减少,污染场地中长期残留的有机氯农药对原生动物有明显抑制作用。