高速公路关键地段路面径流污染特征研究

在对湖南省长潭西高速公路关键地段(学士收费站和服务区加油站)降雨径流水质进行监测的基础上,分析了高速公路路面径流污染物特征,探讨了各污染物的初期冲刷效应和各污染因子间的相关性。结果表明,收费站路面径流样品中的COD和SS平均浓度分别为70 585 mg/L,而服务区加油站样品的COD和SS平均浓度分别为120 357 mg/L。受汇水面积差异的影响,收费站处的径流污染物未发生初期冲刷现象,而加油站的径流污染物均产生初期冲刷效应,以COD最为明显,20%的径流量携带的COD含量接近50%。2个地段的各污染物之间相关性处于显著水平以上,SS与其他污染物的相关系数均大于0.7。     

2014~2016年间郑州市控制PM10和PM2.5污染的健康效益评估

根据郑州市2014~2016年间大气中PM₁₀和PM_2.5年平均浓度数值,采用泊松回归相对危险模型,评估了控制PM₁₀和PM_2.5污染后所能带来的95%置信区间下的健康效应及健康效益.结果表明,2014~2016年间,PM₁₀浓度达到二级限值后所带来的经济效益（以亿元计,括号中为置信区间,下同）分别为181.8（150.4,211.2）、242.5（202.5,279.4）和206.2（173.3,239.2）,分别占郑州市当年生产总值的2.7%、3.3%和2.5%;PM_2.5浓度达标后所带来的经济效益分别为178.8（143.7,211.6）、216.5（174.6,255.3）和172.5（137.8,205.5）,分别占郑州市当年生产总值的2.6%、3.0%和2.1%.PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度达标后,城镇受益人数高于农村,急性支气管炎减少人数高于其他健康终端,对于慢性支气管炎,成人受益比儿童大,哮喘则相反.慢性支气管炎人数减少带来的健康经济效益最高,其次为哮喘,门诊和住院的健康效益最低.     

2010~2018年中国交通行业污染排放健康影响分析

以PM_2.5为标志性污染物,构建了交通行业“能源消耗-污染排放-健康影响”评估模型,旨在了解我国交通行业污染排放对居民健康影响的程度和趋势.2010~2018年,我国交通行业PM_2.5排放量在38.4~42.78万t波动,道路和水路部门贡献了97%左右的排放量;历年交通行业污染排放引起的居民健康损失相近,以2018年为例,全因早逝人数为14.9万例,心血管疾病住院15.91万例,呼吸系统疾病住院10.37万例,心血管疾病门诊641.69万例,呼吸系统疾病门诊630.99万例;交通行业污染排放造成的健康经济损失则增长迅速,由2010年的1380.13亿元增长到2018年的3479.42亿元,约占历年全国GDP的0.33%~0.39%.     

稻田综合种养土地利用的生态—经济效果——以湖北省稻虾共作为例

关注以稻虾共作为代表的稻田综合种养土地利用新型模式,基于在湖北省潜江市和荆州市的实地调研数据,运用非期望产出的SBM模型和投入导向DEA方法,测算和比较了稻虾共作户和水稻单作户土地利用的生态—经济效果。研究发现：与水稻单作相比,稻虾共作能够改善土地利用的生态—经济效果;但调研区一半以上的共作农户仍然延续着传统粗放的生产模式,生产中存在严重的过量投入,阻碍了其土地利用生态—经济效果的进一步优化。此外,若忽略环境污染,只考虑经济效果,将导致稻虾共作的土地利用效率被高估45.28%。目前,稻虾共作提高土地利用效率的功能未能充分发挥,亟需把环境影响纳入土地利用效率评估中,贯彻“双水双绿”的发展理念,引导农户合理安排各项生产投入,切实优化稻虾共作的生态—经济效果,促进土地可持续利用。     

威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)对~(14)C-土壤有机质转化的研究

土壤有机碳是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,而大型土壤动物对土壤碳库的稳定性起着重要的决定作用。利用14C示踪技术,以14C-葡萄糖制备微生物源的土壤有机质(Soil organic matter,SOM),以蚯蚓威廉腔环蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)为代表,研究了14C-SOM在含有蚯蚓的两种土壤、不含蚯蚓的对照土壤和不含蚯蚓的蚓粪中的矿化、残留物在土壤和蚓粪中分布以及蚯蚓对14C-SOM的吸收。结果显示,15 d的培育期内蚯蚓显著加快了14C-SOM的矿化,在土壤中的矿化量是不含蚯蚓的对照土壤中矿化量的1.5～1.7倍,然而当移出蚯蚓后,残留14C-SOM在两种土壤中40 d内的矿化都比对照土壤中低。大约有4.2%～4.8%的14C-SOM被蚯蚓吸收利用。在有蚯蚓存在的土壤中,14C-SOM残留物在胡敏素中的含量有所增高,而在溶解有机物(DOM)中的含量显著降低。14C-SOM在不含蚯蚓的蚓粪中55 d内的矿化量和矿化动力学以及残留分布与在对照土壤中均没有显著区别。这些结果表明,蚯蚓对微生物源14C-SOM转化的影响主要是蚯蚓的肠道作用,这种作用可表现在两个方面,即初期对14C-SOM矿化的促进作...     

静放电多因素影响参数测试系统温湿度控制的设计

基于已有自主研发的新型测试系统,提出一种静电放电中电极移动速度与温湿度变化对放电结果造成影响研究装置的设计方案,给出了基本原理和具体实现描述。该设计用于对小间隙静电放电(ESD)中电极移动速度和温度引起放电参数的低重复离散特性进行探讨。设计基于STM32的温湿度智能网络监控系统和智能控制PID算法实现了温湿度的智能控制,以满足用静电放电电极移动速度效应测试仪定量获得更准确实验结果的需要。该设计弥补和完善了现有静放电测试平台的不足,对于展开小间隙静电放电性质的深入研究具有重要的推动作用和现实意义。     

中国滨海城镇化：空间模式、生态效应与管治策略

改革开放以来,我国滨海城镇化进程不断加快,呈现环湾型、陆岛型、新城型等空间模式,造成的生态效应错综复杂.新近颁布的《国家新型城镇化规划》进一步明确将沿海地区作为城镇化战略格局的重要轴线,生态效应更应得到高度关注.对此,完善生态管治是规避生态风险、应对生态问题的关键举措,要从加强滨海生态过程的链式管治、优化滨海城乡规划的综合效应、促进滨海多元主体的协同共治等方面着力推进,为我国沿海城市新型城镇化与陆海统筹战略的深入推进夯实基础.     

The cumulative dimensions of impact in resource regions

The development of mineral and energy resources worldwide has placed pressure on regional environments, economies and communities. The cumulative impacts, or cumulative effects, arising from overlapping development have stretched political systems that have traditionally been geared toward the regulation and management of individual resource developments, presenting challenges for policy makers, resource developers and civil society actors. An equally challenging task has been realisation of the potential development dividends of mineral and energy resources in the areas of business development, infrastructure, human development or the management of resource revenues. This paper introduces a special issue on ‘Understanding and Managing Cumulative Impacts in Resource Regions’. The special issue interrogates the effectiveness of new and traditional policy responses, explores methods and strategies to better respond to cumulative impacts, and details practical examples of collaborative and coordinated approaches. Papers cover a range of environmental, economic and social issues, geographical regions, commodities, and conceptual approaches. This introductory paper introduces the cumulative impact issues that have manifest in resource regions, critically appraises current conceptions of cumulative impacts, and details management and policy responses to address the cumulative dimensions of impact.     

Using the multiple capitals framework to connect indicators of regional cumulative impacts of mining and pastoralism in the Murray Darling Basin,Australia

It is commonly recognized that there are constraints to successful regional-scale assessment and monitoring of cumulative impacts because of challenges in the selection of coherent and measurable indicators of the effects. It has also been sensibly declared that the connections between components in a region are as important as the state of the elements themselves. These have previously been termed “linked” cumulative impacts/effects. These connections can be difficult to discern because of a complicated set of interactions and unexpected linkages. In this paper we diagnose that a significant cause of these constraints is the selection of indicators without due regard for their inter-relationships in the formulation of the indicator set. The paper examines whether the common “forms of capital”, i.e., natural (renewable and non-renewable), manufactured, social, human and financial capitals, framework is a potential organizing structure. We examine a large region in western NSW Australia where the predominant production systems are mining and grazing for production of wool, beef and lamb. Production in both is driven by consumption of a non-renewable resource, i.e., ore for mining and topsoil for grazing, the latter on the basis that loss rate estimates far exceed soil formation rates. We propose that the challenge of identifying connections of components within and between capital stores can be approached by explicitly separating stores of capital and the flows of capital between stores and between elements within stores, so-called capital fluxes. We attempt to acquire data from public sources for both capital stores and fluxes. The question of whether these data are a sufficient base for regional assessment, with particular reference to connections, is discussed. The well-described challenge of a comparative common currency for stores and fluxes is also discussed. We conclude that the data acquisition is relatively successful for stores and fluxes. A number of linked impacts are identified and discussed. The potential use of money as the common currency for stores and fluxes of capital is considered. The basic proposition is that replacement or preservation costs be used for this. We conclude that the study is sufficiently positive to consider further research in fully-coupled models of capital stores and fluxes.     

高含硫天然气净化厂工程运营期生态环境负效应研究——以川渝地区某高含硫天然气净化厂为例

高含硫天然气净化厂工程的运营将不可避免地引起一系列的生态环境负效应.本文在借鉴国内外生态评价相关研究成果的基础上,提出了高含硫天然气净化厂工程运营期生态环境负效应评价指标体系,并采用德尔菲法与层次分析法确定了各指标的权重.经用于川渝地区某高含硫天然气净化厂实例研究,通过模糊综合评价法得出该净化厂运营初期产生的环境负效应为Ⅲ级(中等)的结论,这与工程影响区实际调查结果较为一致,表明文中建立的评价指标体系和采用的评价方法较合理,可为类似净化厂工程生态环境负效应研究与评价提供实用参考.