Monitoring of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans of pine needles in Korea

The atmospheric contamination levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were evaluated from the analysis of pine needles in South Korea. Pine needles were collected from 30 sampling points at five main cities in South Korea (Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, Changwon and Jeju island). The highest concentrations of PCDDs/DFs (2.19–26.88 pg I-TEQ/g of dry weight) were measured at Busan, where is the city of the highest population density and traffic volume among five cities. The lowest concentration was detected at Jeju with 0.62 pg I-TEQ/g dry weight, suggesting Jeju could be an environmental background area in Korea. The dominant homologues of PCDDs/DFs in pine needles were the lower chlorine-substituted compounds such as tetra CDDs and CDFs, and the distribution ratios of PCDDs/DFs decreased with increase of the number of chlorine substituents. Homologue profiles of pine needle samples were similar to PCDDs/DFs profiles of the vapor phase in the ambient air, and thus the pine needles absorbed the vapor phase of PCDDs/DFs from air. Results suggested that pine needles could be used as an indicator of the atmospheric contamination for PCDDs/DFs in Korea.     

Modelling the dynamic air-water-sediment coupled fluxes and occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls in a high altitude lake

The BIODEP model in terms of atmosphere-lake interactions was developed. The model was applied to an oligotrophic, dimictic high altitude lake (Lake Redo, Pyrenees) for a range of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. High altitude lakes, which receive their contaminant inputs uniquely from the atmosphere through long-range atmospheric transport, provide ideal controlled environments for the study of the interactions between atmospheric depositional and water column biogeochemical processes. The BIODEP model was able to predict dissolved water concentrations and PCB accumulation in the lake sediment within a factor of 2. This shows that the BIODEP model captures the essential processes driving the sink of POPs in high altitude lakes and that POP occurrence in the lake is driven by direct atmospheric inputs with limited influence from the watershed. An important seasonal variability in water column concentrations is predicted which should have important implications in sampling strategies. Furthermore, it is shown that diffusive air-water exchange dominated the PCB dynamics in the lake, especially for the less chlorinated biphenyls.     

Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide emission from Hungarian forest soils; linked with atmospheric N-deposition

Studies of forest nitrogen (N) budgets generally measure inputs from the atmosphere in wet and dry deposition and outputs via hydrologic export. Although denitrification has been shown to be important in many wetland ecosystems, emission of N oxides from forest soils is an important, and often overlooked, component of an ecosystem N budget. During 1 year (2002–03), emissions of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) were measured from Sessile oak and Norway spruce forest soils in northeast Hungary. Accumulation in small static chambers followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection was used for the estimation of N₂O emission flux. Because there are rapid chemical reactions of NO and ozone, small dynamic chambers were used for in situ NO flux measurements. Average soil emissions of NO were 1.2 and 2.1 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, and for N₂O were 15 and 20 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, for spruce and oak soils, respectively. Due to the relatively high soil water content, and low C/N ratio in soil, denitrification processes dominate, resulting in an order of magnitude greater N₂O emission rate compared to NO. The previously determined N balance between the atmosphere and the forest ecosystem was re-calculated using these soil emission figures. The total (dry+wet) atmospheric N-deposition to the soil was 1.42 and 1.59 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ for spruce and oak, respectively, while the soil emissions are 0.14 and 0.20 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹. Thus, about 10–13% of N compounds deposited to the soil, mostly as and , were transformed in the soil and emitted back to the atmosphere, mostly as greenhouse gas (N₂O).     

填埋结构对渗滤液中氨氮脱除的影响

建立了模拟填埋试验中试装置,研究了准好氧填埋渗滤液NH3-N的变化特性和稳定期垃圾对渗滤液NH3-N的处理效果.结果表明,准好氧填埋结构下渗滤液NH3-N衰减很快,下降率可达99.6%,没有出现传统填埋场累积的现象,为渗滤液后续处理解决了氨氮浓度过高的难题;随着水力负荷的增大,NH3-N的去除率呈下降趋势,去除率由低水力负荷时的99.9%,下降到高水力负荷时的87.7%;准好氧填埋垃圾对低可生化性、高浓度氨氮的渗滤液有很好的处理能力,但反硝化能力不足;较高有机物浓度有利于反硝化作用,使氨氮彻底转化为氮气.     

Anthropogenic pollutants in the Russian Arctic atmosphere: sources and sinks in spring and summer

The 5-day forward and backward trajectories of air mass transport to three Russian Arctic points for each day in April and July over a 10-year period from 1986 to 1995 have been analyzed. The important features and seasonal differences in air exchange processes in various areas of the Arctic have been investigated. Taking into account seasonal variations in aerosol scavenging mechanisms and velocities, the average contributions of large highly industrialized regions of the Russian Arctic air pollution were estimated for April and July. Reasonable correspondence between the calculated mean concentrations for six anthropogenic chemical elements (As, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, Cd) and experimentally determined values have been obtained. The atmospheric pollution transport from the Arctic was studied as yet another way of cleaning the Arctic atmosphere, in addition to the traditionally considered wet and dry depositions onto the surface. The average apportionment of conservative contaminants after passing the observation points was estimated for spring and summer. The air masses passing through the observation points in spring may take about 20–40% of pollutants out of the Arctic. In summer, however, more than 90% of pollutants transported into the Russian Arctic deposit within 5 days onto the surface inside the Arctic region. The monthly average fluxes of six anthropogenic elements onto the surface in the Russian Arctic were estimated for April and July.     

大气环境红线划定技术研究

大气环境质量安全底线是环境质量安全底线的重要内容,其划定工作能够更好地为环境管理提供服务.本研究旨在建立大气环境质量安全底线划定技术方法,为国家和地方大气环境质量安全底线划分和管控措施设计提供导引,为建立国家环境质量安全底线提供技术支撑.     

Variations in stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in atmospheric water vapor in the marine boundary layer across a wide latitude range

The newly-developed cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy analyzer with special calibration protocols has enabled the direct measurement of atmospheric vapor isotopes at high spatial and temporal resolution. This paper presents real-time hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope data for atmospheric water vapor above the sea surface, over a wide range of latitudes spanning from 38°N to 69°S. Our results showed relatively higher values of 8180 and 82H in the subtropical regions than those in the tropical and high latitude regions, and also a notable decreasing trend in the Antarctic coastal region. By combining the hydrogen and oxygen isotope data with meteoric water line and backward trajectory model analysis, we explored the kinetic fractionation caused by subsiding air masses and related saturated vapor pressure in the subtropics, and the evaporation-driven kinetic fractionation in the Antarctic region. Simultaneous observations of meteorological and marine variables were used to interpret the isotopic composition characteristics and influential factors, indicating that d-excess is negatively correlated with humidity across a wide range of latitudes and weather conditions worldwide. Coincident with previous studies, d-excess is also positively correlated with sea surface temperature and air temperature （Tair）, with greater sensitivity to Tair. Thus, atmospheric vapor isotopes measured with high accuracy and good spatial- temporal resolution could act as informative tracers for exploring the water cycle at different regional scales. Such monitoring efforts should be undertaken over a longer time period and in different regions of the world.     

溧阳市1985~2011年环境空气质量变化规律的模糊综合评价

选用模糊综合评价法,对溧阳市1985~2011年环境空气质量进行了综合评价,选用SO2、NO2、TSP/PM10作为评价因素,通过计算各评价因素权重分配系数和隶属度,分析了长期空气环境质量变化趋势。结果表明:TSP/PM 10为1985年以来溧阳市首要环境空气质量制约因素,20世纪80年代中期全市空气质量主要隶属于一级标准,20世纪80年代后期主要隶属于二级标准,20世纪90年代初期主要隶属于三级标准,20世纪90年代中后期至今主要隶属于二级标准,近几年受TSP/PM1 0因素影响,在三级标准的隶属度有上升趋势;自20世纪90年代中期始,NO 2超越SO2成为继PM 10之后制约空气质量的第2大因素;经济发展对环境空气质量的规模效应较为显著,技术减排效应逐步显现。     

硝化耦合CANON的铁锰氨生物净化工艺启动与运行

在某生物除铁除锰水厂,以中试模拟滤柱开展了硝化耦合CANON的铁锰氨生物净化工艺启动与运行试验,并分析了氨氮转化去除路径.结果表明,生物除铁除锰滤池历经164 d驯化培养,可实现硝化耦合CANON去除氨氮并稳定运行,特征值ΔNH+4-N/ΔNO-3-N为1.49,生物滤柱对Fe(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)和NH+4-N的氧化去除量分别为(9.87±1.17)、(2.25±0.06)和(1.51±0.06)mg·L-1.基于氮素守恒和溶解氧(DO)守恒分析,通过CANON过程去除的氨氮质量分数为33.48%~38.87%,氨氮去除量与实际需氧量的平均比例为1∶3.79~1∶3.94.温度越低,氨氮经CANON过程去除的质量分数越低.     

浅谈纳氏试剂光度法测定水体中氨氮的影响因素及消除方法

纳氏试剂光度法是测定水体中氨氮的最标准和经典的方法。本文就其测定过程中的诸多影响因素作了详尽的论述,并进一步提出消除干扰的方法。