畜禽养殖废水沼液生物脱氮的影响因素研究

畜禽养殖废水中的抗生素会影响生物脱氮过程,加剧水体富营养化。采用SBR法处理模拟畜禽废水厌氧消化液探究金霉素、碱度和温度对生物脱氮的限速步骤硝化过程的影响。6个相同的SBR反应器分别在25,30℃、不同金霉素浓度和碱度条件下运行166个周期。结果表明:不同温度和碱度下,金霉素质量浓度依次为0,5,20 mg/L时,随着金霉素浓度升高,氨氧化率降低,亚硝态氮积累率升高。不同温度和金霉素浓度下,氨氧化率随碱度的减少(ALK/N分别为9.28、7.14、4.76、3.57、2.38、0)而降低;而亚硝态氮积累率随温度变化而改变。由此可见,金霉素对AOB和NOB均有抑制作用,致使氨氧化率降低;其中,金霉素对NOB的抑制作用大于AOB,造成亚硝态氮累积。金霉素和温度的共同作用可致使亚硝态氮积累率增加。     

The combined effects of biomass and temperature on maximum specific ammonia oxidation rate in domestic wastewater treatment

• Actual SAORs was determined using MLVSS and temperature. • Measured SAOR decreased with increasing MLVSS 1.1‒8.7 g/L. • Temperature coefficient (θ) decreased with increasing MLVSS. • Nitrification process was dynamically simulated based on laboratory-scale SBR tests. • A modified model was successfully validated in pilot-scale SBR systems. Measurement and predicted variations of ammonia oxidation rate (AOR) are critical for the optimization of biological nitrogen removal, however, it is difficult to predict accurate AOR based on current models. In this study, a modified model was developed to predict AOR based on laboratory-scale tests and verified through pilot-scale tests. In biological nitrogen removal reactors, the specific ammonia oxidation rate (SAOR) was affected by both mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration and temperature. When MLVSS increased 1.6, 4.2, and 7.1-fold (1.3‒8.9 g/L, at 20°C), the measured SAOR decreased by 21%, 49%, and 56%, respectively. Thereby, the estimated SAOR was suggested to modify when MLVSS changed through a power equation fitting. In addition, temperature coefficient (θ) was modified based on MLVSS concentration. These results suggested that the prediction of variations ammonia oxidation rate in real wastewater treatment system could be more accurate when considering the effect of MLVSS variations on SAOR.     

沙颍河流域(河南段)非点源氨氮污染模拟与时空特征分析

沙颍河流域是我国淮河流域污染最严重的区域之一.为揭示流域非点源的时空分布特征并评估其对水污染的贡献,以沙颍河流域（河南段）为研究区,采用流域水循环系统模型（HEQM模型）模拟了重点断面2012-2015年月径流和氨氮浓度过程,辨识了污染源类型及其贡献,揭示了非点源负荷的年内和年际变化.结果表明:①径流和氨氮浓度的模拟效果较好,HEQM模型在沙颍河流域（河南段）具有较好的适用性.②非点源氨氮污染负荷占多年平均总负荷量的37.40%,在污染时期占比为29.32%.沙河和颍河上游污染时期的非点源负荷比例较高,分别为91.49%和90.45%.③非点源氨氮负荷对丰水期（6-9月）和平水期（3-5月、10-11月）污染的贡献较大,占总负荷的48.83%和51.92%;从年际变化来看,2012-2015年各年份的空间分布特征基本相似,但2014-2015年单位面积非点源污染负荷较2012-2013年明显下降.研究显示,沙颍河流域（河南段）非点源对氨氮污染的贡献已不可忽视,丰水期和平水期是非点源污染治理的关键时期.      

温度及氨氮负荷对曝气生物滤池硝化作用的影响

采用火山岩为载体填料的曝气生物滤池(BAF)进行实验室小试,研究供氧受限条件下,BAF的硝化反硝化运行特性及温度(10℃～30℃)和氨氮负荷变化(0.069～1.32kg/(m3·d))时对硝化作用的影响。当氨氮负荷为1.10kg/(m3·d),供氧受限时,温度从20℃升高到30℃,反应器的硝化效率仅增加10%左右,表明BAF中硝化作用主要受溶质的传递、扩散速率控制而不是受与温度有关的动力学参数控制;然而,相同负荷下,当温度控制在15℃时,硝化效率明显降低,说明20℃是一临界点。此外,20℃时随氨氮负荷的增加(从0.825kg/(m3·d)提升到1.32kg/(m3·d)),氨氮去除率略有下降,但在第3个取样口处却发现有亚硝酸盐氮累积现象,这是因为在供氧受限时,随负荷的增加,溶解氧相对短缺发生了部分硝化作用。     

Non-point source-driven carbon and nutrient loading to Ganga River (India)

This study was designed to test whether the atmospheric deposition (AD) significantly influences gross primary productivity (GPP) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) build-up in the Ganga River. We collected data for three consecutive years (2012–2014) along with 37 km river stretch with respect to AD-input of carbon, nutrients, and surface runoff chemistry to relate changes in the river water. We found strong linkages among carbon and nutrients in AD, surface runoff and in the river. The concentration of DOC in the river was highest in the rainy season while those of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved reactive phosphorus were highest in winter. Spatio-temporal changes in DOC indicated dependence on point- and non-point sources and within-system DOC build-up. The GPP in the river increased consistently over time and significantly correlated with AD-N (R^2?=?0.96, p?<?.001) and AD-P (R^2?=?0.97, p?<?.001). Basin level extrapolation showed that the Ganga River Basin receives 1.81?Tg organic-C, 2.77 Tg reactive-N, and 130?Gg reactive-P annually through atmospheric deposition. Non-point source contributions of carbon and nutrients to the river were substantially higher than those of point sources. The study has relevance for regional scale carbon and nutrient budgeting and action plans for integrated river basin management.     

氨法烟气脱硫技术及其进展

阐述了氨法烟气脱硫技术的原理和工艺特点.介绍了Walther氨法、AMASOX氨法、GE氨法、NADS氨-肥法、电子束氨法和流光放电氨法烟气脱硫工艺,重点介绍了新型流光放电氨法烟气脱硫技术的特点及其工程应用情况.展望了氨法烟气脱硫技术的应用前景.     

钢厂烧结烟气高硫高尘SCR工艺受硫酸氢铵影响的分析与对策

将高硫高尘选择性催化还原（SCR）工艺应用于钢厂烧结烟气脱硝,分析了硫酸氢铵（ABS）的形成原因、影响因素及常规工艺控制,并提出了应对措施。研究结果表明,NH₃、SO₃和温度等是影响ABS生成的主要因素。最低连续喷氨温度应高于ABS分解温度且不低于310 ℃,可有效抑制ABS生成。根据数值模拟结果,在高温烟道至反应器入口的弯头处设置导流板可保证氨气均布。采用带前馈信号的串级控制模式调节喷氨量,控制催化剂吹灰器的时间频次,可有效防止催化剂失活和堵灰。工程实践结果显示,脱硝效率不低于94.1%,NO_x排放质量浓度不高于36.5 mg/Nm³,符合设计要求。     

利用废氨水与石灰窑窑气生产碳酸氢铵

利用石灰窑窑气与焦化系统的废氨水生产碳酸氢铵，在反应温度２８－３５℃、压力０．４５－０．５０ＭＰａ、氨水浓度１６％－２０％的条件下，可制得含氮量大于１７．１０％、含水量低于４％的碳酸氢铵。生产实践证明，该生产技术成熟可行，投资省，产品成本低，具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

Correlating the Spatial Distribution of Atmospheric Ammonia with δ15N Values at an Ammonia Release Site

A field ammonia (NH₃) release experiment and open top chambers containing moorland monoliths continuously fumigated with NH₃ or sprayed with NH₄Cl were used to assess the potential for using ¹⁵N values in determining the area of influence around a point NH₃ emission source. ¹⁵N values are being increasingly used as environmental tracers and we tested the hypothesis that the ¹⁵N signal from an NH₃ emission source is observable in nearby vegetation. Using modified monitoring devices, atmospheric NH₃ concentrations were found to decrease with distance from source, with ¹⁵N values also reflecting this trend, producing a signal shift with changing concentration. Open top chamber studies of ¹⁵N values of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull indicated a correlation with deposition treatments in current year shoots. Analysis of Calluna shoots from the NH₃ release showed a similar trend of ¹⁵N enrichment. Significant linear correlations between ¹⁵N and percent N in plant material were found, both in the controlled conditions of the open top chambers and at the NH₃ release site, illustrating the possible use of this technique in N deposition biomonitoring.     

反核生化恐怖与大气科学

在组成反恐战略诸要素中 ,科技政策是核心要素。“9·1 1”事件后 ,反恐上升为美国科技领域的头号课题 ,政府加大了对科技反恐的投入 ,我国也面临同样的抉择。恐怖活动除了直接实施核生化恐怖威胁之外 ,还通过破坏核生化设施同样达到核生化恐怖的效果 ,甚至比直接实施核生化恐怖更为严重。据调查 ,各大中城市生产使用有毒、有害、易燃、易爆化学物质的工厂占全部工厂的 80 %以上 ,年用量成千上万吨。在恐怖分子应用最多的爆炸和燃烧事件中 ,人员的主要伤亡不是来自于炸伤、烧伤 ,而是因爆炸和燃烧所产生的毒气中毒。研究表明 ,在各种有毒物质传播途径中 ,空气和水体扩散所占比例最大。笔者针对反恐问题 ,论述了大气科学与核生化恐怖的关系 ,重点突出了大气科学、空气动力学及流体力学在反核生化恐怖科研中的战略地位