碱消解法测定固体废物中六价铬的研究

用碱性消解液对固体废物进行预处理,所得消解溶液用火焰原子吸收光谱法进行测定。结果表明:该方法在0.00~8.00mg/L范围内呈良好线性关系,检出限为2.00mg/kg(样品以计2.5g计)。实际样品测定的RSD为1.37%~9.35%,加标回收率为85.5%~125%。消解溶液同时用二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法进行测定,结果显示,两种方法测定的结果没有显著差异,进一步说明了采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定固体废物中Cr6+的准确性与可靠性。     

石化企业中间罐区VOCs治理工艺选择与流程优化

石化企业中间罐区VOCs排放量较大,多采用吸收、冷凝、膜分离及其组合工艺进行处理。本文采用AspenPlus软件分别对高、中、低浓度中间罐区VOCs废气应用上述3种工艺及其工艺组合的处理效果进行模拟计算。结果表明:中间罐区的VOCs经过不同组合的二级处理后,尾气VOCs质量浓度约为9～50 g/m~3,后续仍需采用深度处理工艺以满足新的国家及地方污染物排放标准要求;同时,对比3种工艺能耗情况,冷凝法最低,膜分离法次之,吸收法最高,约为冷凝法能耗的5～10倍。以上模拟计算结果与实际工况数据基本符合,证明采用Aspen Plus软件进行石化企业中间罐区VOCs治理工艺选择与流程优化是可行的,具有一定的参考价值。     

有机溶剂回收技术的研究

本文对有机溶剂的回收方法，如吸附法、吸收法、冷凝法和膜分离法等的研究进展与应用进行了综述。其中，吸附法在工业上的应用最为广泛，本文着重介绍了吸附法的工艺以及吸附剂的研究。而膜分离法作为最有发展前景的一种回收方法，主要问题为提高膜的通量和选择性。     

H-ZSM-5分子筛吸附-氧化NOx的研究

针对湿法脱硫后船舶尾气特点,考察了3种不同硅铝比的H-ZSM-5分子筛对船舶脱硫后尾气中NO_x的吸附-氧化过程及其影响因素,并采用TPD研究了干气下不同硅铝比的分子筛吸附饱和后的脱附情况.结果表明:干气条件下,硅铝比低的分子筛具有较好的吸附效果;硅铝比高的分子筛具有较好的抗水性,但从干气到饱和湿度下,硅铝比为300的分子筛的NO氧化率从36%降至18%;干气下,低温有利于分子筛的吸附-氧化;分子筛用量增加能够增加其对NO_x的吸附效果和氧化效果.TPD结果表明:NO和NO2共吸附在分子筛上,3种分子筛中脱附出的NO_x中NO2均占脱附总量的80%以上,但在600℃时,NO_x在分子筛上脱附仍不完全.     

南京冬季气溶胶消光特性及霾天气低能见度特征

利用2015年1月气溶胶散射和吸收系数、PM_2.5质量浓度、大气能见度以及常规气象观测数据,分析了南京冬季大气气溶胶散射系数与吸收系数的变化特征,给出了散射系数与吸收系数对大气消光的贡献,以及能见度与PM_2.5质量浓度和相对湿度的关系.结果表明,观测期间南京大气气溶胶的散射系数和吸收系数分别为(423.4±265.3) Mm^-1和(24.5±14.3) Mm^-1,对大气消光的贡献分别为89.2%和5.2%,表明大气消光主要贡献来自于气溶胶的散射.散射系数与PM_2.5相关性较好(R²=0.91),能见度随PM_2.5质量浓度呈指数下降,也与相对湿度保持一定负相关性.能见度均值为4.3km,且连续出现能见度不足2km的低能见度天气,霾天气下消光系数和PM_2.5质量浓度大幅超过非霾天气,最高值分别达到1471.2Mm^-1和358 μg/m³,霾天气下能见度的降低来自颗粒物与相对湿度的共同影响.     

Choice of chelating antidotes for acute cadmium intoxication∗

During acute oral intoxication by cadmium compounds, gastrointestinal epithelial damage contributes to immediate toxicity. However, secondary systemic toxicity may develop due to intestinal uptake of cadmium. This review presents an evaluation of the effects of chelators on the acute toxicity of cadmium after parenteral or oral exposure and on the intestinal uptake of cadmium. This review shows:

1. Chelating agents may affect the acute toxicity of cadmium in a variety of ways depending on the exposure route for cadmium and administration route for the chelator.

2. With regard to survival, systemic toxicity of absorbed cadmium is of major importance, as intraperitoneal administration of chelators could eliminate or reduce mortality due to orally administered cadmium chloride.

3. Lipophilicity of chelators and their cadmium complexes may result in extensively augmented intestinal uptake. However, hydrophilic chelators may efficiently reduce the intestinal cadmium uptake.

4. For hydrophilic chelators, the stability of the cadmium complex is an important determining factor of efficacy.

5. The optimal oral antidote towards orally administered cadmium are the BAL analogs, especially DMSA, while the optimal intraperitoneal antidotes towards orally or intraperitoneally administered cadmium are the higher members of the polyaminopolycarboxylate family, especially TTHA.

6. When administered simultaneously (DMSA orally and TTHA intraperitoneally), these chelators synergistically reduce the whole‐body retention of cadmium.

In conclusion, chelation treatment in acute oral cadmium intoxication should first prevent/reduce intestinal damage and uptake by rapid oral administration of a chelating antidote and then alleviate systemic toxicity due to absorbed cadmium and enhance renal/biliary cadmium excretion by parenteral administration of a chelating antidote.     

Photolysis of 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1, 1 ‐Dimethylurea (Diuron) in dilute aqueous solution

Diuron samples at 40mg/L concentration were photolyzed with ultraviolet lamps and with natural sunlight to determine if data from ultraviolet lamp photolysis could be used to predict results from sunlight photolysis. Seven photoproducts were identified from the photolysis experiments. The identified photoproducts and the photoproduct yields were essentially the same for the two light sources.     

Electrochemical hydride generation of tin(II) and its determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with in situ trapping in the graphite tube atomizer

An electrolytic hydride generation system for the determination of tin(II) by means of batch electrochemical hydride generation-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (EcHG-ETAAS) with in situ trapping in a graphite tube atomizer is described. The effects of four permanent chemical modifiers – palladium, tungsten, iridium, and platinum – for graphite tube treatment on analyte absorbance and the effects of four cathode materials, i.e., Pb, Sn, Pb–Sn alloy, and glassy carbon, are checked. Three electrolytes, i.e., nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid, are examined as catholyte solutions. The influence of several parameters on EcHG is investigated using multivariate and univariate methods. Interferences of some concomitant ions are evaluated. The calibration curve is linear from 1 to 200?µg?L^?1, with a detection limit of 0.8?µg?L^?1 and a relative standard deviation of 6.2% (n?=?3) for 100?µg?L^?1 Sn(II). The proposed method was successfully applied in the analysis of real environmental water samples and reference materials, and good spiked recoveries over the range of 93.1–115% were obtained. The proposed technique provides a means for developing hydride generation of other elements.     

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of cadmium(II) for preconcentration prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection in water

A dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure for cadmium(II) as its 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylamino-phenol chelate is presented. Carbon tetrachloride and methanol were used as extraction and dispersive solvents, respectively. After phase separation, the preconcentrated-separated cadmium(II) is determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with a microinjection technique. The factors which affected the extraction efficiency, i.e. the pH of the sample solution and the volumes of reagent and sample were investigated. The effects of some alkali, alkali earth, and transition metal ions, and of some anions on the recovery of cadmium were also studied. A preconcentration factor of 250 was obtained for a sample volume of 50?mL under optimum conditions. The method was validated by analysis of certified reference materials and applied to some water samples from Turkey.     

Comparison of sample digestion procedures for the determination of trace elements in antarctic krill by GF‐AAS

Two independent digestion procedures for Antarctic krill samples were compared. Dry ashing (DA) and microwave (MW) acid‐assisted digestion were tested for decomposing the samples to determine essential (Cu, Fe, Cr) and toxic elements (Cd, Pb) by graphite furnace‐atomic absorption spectrometry (GF‐AAS). A mixture of HNO₃ and H₂O₂ as digesting agent was used in the microwave procedure. For the dry ashing digestion, the organic matter was oxidated at 480°C in an open system. Both digestion methods were compared in terms of accuracy and applied to the analysis of a certified reference material: MURST‐ISS‐A2 (Antarctic krill).

The detection limits for the five elements analysed ranged from 3 to 150 ng g^‐1. Both digestion procedures are suitable for the decomposition of krill samples. However, dry ashing is not recommended to determine Pb and Cd because losses can occur.