一株高效硝化菌的鉴定及其特性

本研究通过测定菌株ABT01在不同初始氮浓度、pH、C/N、温度和溶氧条件下对氨氮的去除效果,获得该菌株的最佳应用条件。实验结果表明,当初始氨氮浓度低于40 mg/L时,该菌株的氨氮去除率高达85%以上。该菌株最适脱氨氮条件均为：pH 5.0-7.0、C/N=5、35℃、摇床转速150 r/min（溶解氧5.1 mg/L）,氨氮去除率最高达96.8%。同时该菌株经16S rDNA测序、细胞壁脂肪酸组成等鉴定方法,确定ABT01为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。研究表明,枯草芽孢杆菌ABT01具有较好的氨氮去除能力,对水产养殖水质调控有潜在的应用价值。     

高效絮凝菌的鉴定及结构研究

从活性污泥中筛选到一株高效絮凝剂产生菌RL-2。在1%CaCl2存在下,其发酵液对高岭土悬液具有较高的絮凝活性。根据形态及生理生化特征,利用16S rRNA部分序列分析确定该菌归属于Bacillus brevis。溶解性,茚三酮反应,Molish反应,电性试验及薄层色谱分析表明,RL-2所产高聚物为一阴离子型多糖,其结构单体为葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸和甘露糖;由乌氏粘度法测得分子量大约为3.64×106Da。     

Di-n-butyl phthalate degrading endophytic bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. strain JR20 isolated from garlic chive and its colonization in a leafy vegetable

The bioconcentration and elimination of racemic benalaxyl (BX) in trout liver microsomes and in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated to determine whether the fish can bioconcentrate and degrade this fungicide enantioselectively. Both enantiomers of BX were extracted with organic solvents and evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography. In the microsomes, BX degradation followed first-order kinetics, and the S?(+) enantiomer of BX was eliminated twice as rapidly as the R?(?) enantiomer, resulting in residues enriched for R?(?)?BX. In vivo experiment, chiral analysis showed an obvious selective bioconcentration of BX based on statistically altered enantiomer fractions (EFs) in the fish compared with the values in the water. The R?(?)?BX was initially preferentially bioconcentrated by rainbow trout and then dissipated more slowly than its antipode. The mean half-lives for individual enantiomers were calculated as 31.6 h for R?(?)?BX and 20.3 h for the S?(+)?form. The results of the study showed that the degradation of BX enantiomers was stereoselective in rainbow trout.     

Droplet size spectra and deposits of two aerially sprayed Bacillus thuringiensis formulations on artificial samplers and live foliage

Abstract

Two commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (BTK), Foray^® 48B and Thuricide^® 48LV, were applied aerially over nine spray blocks in a hardwood forest in West Virginia in 1991. Droplet spectra and spray mass deposits were determined using water‐sensitive paper strips (WSPS), glass micro‐fiber filters (GMFFs), glass plates and castor oil. Mass deposits of BTK were also assessed on natural foliage by two bioassay methods, i.e., feeding of homogenized foliage containing a starch‐sucrose solution and force‐feeding bioassay of foliar extracts containing re‐dissolved protein precipitate. Deposits on canopy foliage and ground samplers were also assessed by total protein assay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Droplet spectra on the WSPS were different from those on castor oil. Droplets on horizontal ground WSPS were larger than those on vertical ground WSPS. WSPS placed at canopy level collected more droplets than those at ground level. The total protein deposits (ng/cm²) were consistently higher on all blocks than the delta‐endotoxin protein deposits. Spray mass recovery on the ground samplers were low, and ranged from 2.9 to 8.0% of the applied rates.     

Effects of droplet density and concentration on the efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis and carbaryl against gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar L.)

Abstract

The feeding behavior of gypsy moth larvae exposed to two pesticide deposits (Bt and carbaryl) on oak leaf disks was monitored to determine the relationships between its efficacy and application parameters (droplet density and pesticide concentration). A range of pesticide concentrations and droplet densities (from 9 to 149 droplets/cm²) was used to simulate high and low application rates produced by different methods of application in the field.

The LD₅₀ and the LC₅₀, appeared to be affected by the spatial distribution of the deposit on the leaf surface. Both Bt and carbaryl showed a decreasing LD₅₀ at increasing time after spray. The LD₅₀ of Bt decreased from 14.1 BIU/liter to 3.1 BIU/Iiter between 48 and 144 hours after spray. The results show that feeding inhibition by Bt is more closely related to concentration than to droplet density and dose per unit area with the highest feeding inhibition occurring at 10 BIU/liter at 9 droplets/cm². With carbaryl, an increase in both concentration and droplet density was necessary to cause a decrease in leaf area eaten by larvae.     

鼠李糖脂、Fe3+及Mg2+对蜡质芽孢杆菌DL-1降解邻二氯苯的复合影响

以蜡质芽孢杆菌DL-1降解邻二氯苯,研究不同浓度的鼠李糖脂、Fe³⁺、Mg²⁺对邻二氯苯生物降解效果的影响。通过响应面优化法获得最适加入量,并考察添加鼠李糖脂、Fe³⁺、Mg²⁺的生物滴滤塔中邻二氯苯废气的处理效果。实验结果表明：鼠李糖脂、Fe³⁺、Mg²⁺的最适加入量分别为120,4.0,2.0 mg/L;在最适加入量下培养48 h后,邻二氯苯降解菌DL-1能够保持菌体完整,培养72 h后邻二氯苯去除率可达98.3%;在鼠李糖脂、Fe³⁺、Mg²⁺加入量为最适加入量、空床停留时间为60 s、进气中邻二氯苯质量浓度为1 000 mg/m³时,生物滴滤塔对邻二氯苯的去除率达到90.0%。     

Influence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on Cd adsorption by bacteria

The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in Cd adsorption by Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida was investigated using a combination of batch adsorption experiments, potentiometric titrations, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). An increased adsorption capacity of Cd was observed for untreated bacteria relative to that for EPS-free bacteria. Surface complexation modeling of titration data showed the similar pK_a values of functional groups (carboxyl, phosphate and hydroxyl) between untreated and EPS-free bacteria. However, site concentrations on the untreated bacteria were found to be higher than those on the EPS-free bacteria. FTIR spectra also showed that no significant difference in peak positions was observed between untreated and EPS-free bacteria and carboxyl and phosphate groups were responsible for Cd adsorption on bacterial cells. The information obtained in this study is of fundamental significance for understanding the interaction mechanisms between heavy metals and biofilms in natural environments.     

Effect of ultrasonication and Fenton oxidation on biodegradation of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in wastewater sludge

The presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolites, i.e. 2-ethylhexanol, 2-ethylhexanal, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid in wastewater sludge (WWS) were investigated during aerobic digestion and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-based fermentation of WWS. Ultrasonication and Fenton oxidation pre-treatment was applied to improve biodegradability of WWS and bioavailability of the target compounds for digestion and fermentation. DEHP and 2-ethylhexanoic acid were observed at higher concentration, meanwhile 2-ethylhexanol and 2-ethylhexanal were observed at lower concentration in WWS. After 20-day aerobic digestion, DEHP removal was 72%, 89%, and 85%, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid removal was 71%, 84%, 79%, respectively for raw, ultrasonicated, and Fenton-oxidized sludges. Bt was found to degrade DEHP, leading to DEHP removal of 21%, 40%, and 30%, respectively for raw, ultrasonicated, and Fenton-oxidized sludges in the fermentation. The results suggested that aerobic stabilization and Bt-based fermentation can remove the phthalates, and pre-treatment of WWS was also effective in improvement of DEHP biodegradation. Hence, Bt-based biopesticide production from WWS can be applied safely when taking into consideration the phthalate contaminants.     

一株1，2-二氯苯降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

采用富集驯化方法,从盐城芦苇湿地根际土壤中分离得到一株可高效降解1,2-二氯苯的菌株,命名为DL-1。该菌株可以在以1,2-二氯苯为惟一碳源的无机培养基上生长,能够耐受最高浓度为200 mg/L的1,2-二氯苯。根据形态特征观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,该目标菌株被鉴定为蜡质芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）。菌株DL-1对1,2-二氯苯降解性能研究表明,该菌株为一株兼性厌氧菌,其适宜降解浓度、适宜温度、适宜pH值和适宜接种量分别为120mg/L、32℃、7和10%,在适宜降解条件下降解12,-二氯苯4 d其降解率达到80.3%。本实验为利用该菌株降解12,-二氯苯污水的应用提供了理论基础。     

一株高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选鉴定和培养条件优化

从土壤中筛选到一株高效絮凝剂产生菌,经生理生化实验鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,X14被鉴定为地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。经培养条件优化,其最佳的培养条件为:淀粉10 g/L,氯化铵0.51 g/L,3 g/L K2HPO4和1 g/L KHPO,初始pH值为8,接种量采用1%,摇床转速采用140~160 r/min的变速控制,37℃培养48 h。