汉江上游十大洪水气象特征分析

本文分析了安康大洪水的气候分布和气象成因,讨论了水文气象接口问题,指出进行气象洪水预报是可能的。     

河北省会展人才需求与会展人才培养调研报告

结合河北省会展人才缺乏、迫切需要复合型及实战型人才的现状,指出会展人才培养存在专业培养目标不明晰、专业课程体系尚未建立及校企合作模式没有真正落实等问题,提出人才需求与人才培养需要科学测评会展人才需求,构建多层次会展教育体系,加强院校与会展企业的对话机制和课程设置坚持以市场需求为导向等具体措施。     

Mapping Land-Cover and Mangrove Structures with Remote Sensing Techniques: A Contribution to a Synoptic GIS in Support of Coastal Management in North Brazil

This article deals with the development and application of a cartographic database for a synoptic Geographic Information System (GIS). Its purpose is the storage and evaluation of the heterogeneous datasets of the interdisciplinary scientific research program MADAM (Mangrove Dynamics and Management), which aims to develop recommendations for a tailored integrated coastal management scheme for the mangrove ecosystem at Bragança (North Brazil). The article describes the integration of remote sensing data, aerial photographs, as well as point data provided by fieldwork from different scientific fields. Using various innovative processing techniques and different scale-resolution levels, an assessment of temporal–spatial changes of the mangrove peninsula and the adjacent rural socioeconomic impact area, the type of mangrove structure, as well as a land-use cover analyses was undertaken. The definition of the spatial level of detail was found to be a major issue in the development of the GIS, as well as during the processing and analysis procedures. A division between strong and weak patterns in the mangrove ecosystem could be made, which implies different management measures and sets of specific interdisciplinary studies and monitoring at hierarchical scales.     

高速网络环境下的入侵检测

实现高速网络中实时入侵检测与预警已经成为目前网络安全所面临的问题。笔者首先分析了当前入侵检测系统中模式匹配算法 ,对模式匹配算法作了改进 ;接着对Rete算法进行了分析 ,并针对Rete算法的不足 ,在Rete网算法的基础上引入了FRete网算法 ,在此基础上建立了一种基于FRete匹配算法的推理机 ,对可疑事实进行推理 ;然后在此基础上设计了一种基于高速网络环境的入侵检测系统 ;最后建立了对入侵检测系统进行性能测试的仿真实验环境。通过上述的改进 ,提高了入侵检测系统的运行速度和效率 ,能较好地适应高速网络环境下的入侵检测。     

The risks of radiation

Summary The risks of radioactivity are a really complicated matter, yet they are much better known than are the risks relating to thousands of chemical poisons that occur in our environment. The greatest mistakes are probably made in the definition of safety margins. Except for the bombs dropped in Japan and one other case in the Marshall Islands, there has always—luckily—been a wide safety margin between fallout radiation and doses dangerous to health; the margin has actually been about 1000-fold. The Chernobyl dose of 0.5 mGy/year that we received is only 1/1000 of the acute dose of 0.5 Gy which would cause a slight and nonpermanent change in the blood picture.There is no such safety margin with respect to many air pollutants. The safety standards for sulfuric or nitric oxides, ozone and so on, have been set only just below the level that already causes a health hazard, and these standards are exceeded once in a while. Otherwise, traffic would have to be forbidden and many industrial plants, especially power stations using coal, would have to stop working whenever a low-temperature inversion occurred. Environmental radioactivity does not represent a likely health risk in Finland unless a nuclear war breaks out. Air pollutants, on the contrary, are a real and almost daily health risk that should be carefully considered when decisions about our energy production are being made.In spite of what happened at Chernobyl, global consumption of nuclear power will double by the year 2000, since there are about 140 nuclear power plants presently under construction. It is not likely that another catastrophe like Chernobyl will happen, yet nuclear plant accidents are of course possible, even if their likelihood is diminished by improving reactor safety and even if any eventual damage could be expected to be smaller. If a reactor is hooded by a containment structure, no significant release of radioactive materials should be possible even in case of an accident. However, we must be prepared to protect the population with carefully planned civil defense and radiation protection measures.I would like to sum up all of this as follows: The risks of radiation are a fact, but the fear they arouse is often disproportionate. There are risks related to all other methods of energy production as well; nuclear power is no exception in that respect. It is good that we aim at greater safety, but I hope that false presumptions will not lead us to mistaking a less safe alternative for a safer one.     

Whistle sharing in paired male bottlenose dolphins,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Tursiops truncatus</Emphasis>

The signature whistle hypothesis states that dolphins produce highly stereotyped, individually distinctive whistles when in isolation. The presence of signature whistles has been called into question by recent studies proposing that dolphins produce a shared, simple upsweep whistle when in isolation, and that whistles produced by socializing dolphins are shared across individuals and social groups. This shared repertoire hypothesis suggests that when two animals produce the same whistle type, it is due to sharing the same common repertoire rather than one animal learning to produce the whistle of another. One difference between studies supporting or denying the existence of signature whistles is the method used to classify whistle types. We examined whistle production by 17 free-ranging bottlenose dolphins while temporarily restrained. We used both a quantitative comparison technique similar to that used to support the shared repertoire hypothesis and human judges to classify whistle types and quantify similarity between types. Contrary to recent studies that emphasize shared whistles, overall whistle sharing between isolated individuals was low (25%) and a simple upsweep did not account for the most common whistle type in half of the animals. Some species of birds, bats, and primates with stable social groups use vocal learning to converge over time to one common group distinctive call type. We examined whistle similarity between adult male dolphins that are partners in a close social alliance in order to test whether vocal learning may enable a similar vocal convergence. Whistle similarity was rated very high between partners and low between non-partners by both the quantitative technique and human observers. This suggests that as in songbirds and some other mammals, adult male bottlenose dolphins may use vocal learning to converge on similar whistles as they develop affiliative social relationships.Communicated by G. Wilkinson     

Ten years of atmospheric methane observations at a high elevation site in Western China

In this paper, the continuous (1994–2001) and discrete air sample (1991–2001) measurements of atmospheric CH₄ from the Waliguan Baseline Observatory located in western China (36°17′N, 100°54′E, 3816 m asl) are presented and characterized. The CH₄ time series show large episodic events on the order of 100 ppb throughout the year. During spring, a diurnal cycle with average amplitude of 7 ppb and a morning maximum and late afternoon minimum is observed. In winter, a diurnal cycle with average amplitude of 14 ppb is observed with an afternoon maximum and morning minimum. Unlike most terrestrial observational sites, no obvious diurnal patterns are present during the summer or autumn. A background data selection procedure was developed based on local horizontal and vertical winds. A selected hourly data set representative of “baseline” conditions was derived with approximately 50% of the valid hourly data. The range of CH₄ mixing ratios, annual means, annual increases and mean annual cycle at Waliguan during the 1992–2001 were derived from discrete and continuous data representative of “baseline” conditions and compared to air samples collected at other Northern Hemisphere sites. The range of CH₄ monthly means of 1746–1822 ppb, average annual means of 1786.7±10.8 ppb and mean annual increase of 4.5±4.2 ppb yr⁻¹ at Waliguan were inline with measurements from sites located between 30° and 60°N. There were variations observed in the CH₄ annual increase patterns at Waliguan that were slightly different from the global pattern. The mean CH₄ annual cycle at Waliguan shows an unusual pattern of two gentle peaks in summer and February along with two small valleys in early winter and spring and a mean peak-to-peak amplitude of 11 ppb, much smaller than amplitudes observed at most other mid- and high-northern latitude sites. The Waliguan CH₄ data are strongly influenced by continental Asian CH₄ emissions and provide key information for global atmospheric CH₄ models.     

背景噪声的测量和用于修正计算的问题分析及建议

在诸多有关噪声排放的标准中，背景噪声的定义在时间和空间位置方面的规定不够完备；相关的测量的规范方法也未对背景噪声的测量作了规定。实际操作上的“非同时性”给背景噪声的测量结果及用于修正均带来一些失准问题。文中分析了这些问题并提出了初步建议。     

曲江台野外试记分析

根据曲江台野外波形试记情况,分析所记录到的天然与非天然地震事件.根据"中国数字地震观测网络"区域数字测震台站勘选技术要求,计算分析连续48小时的背景噪声速度均方根值(RMS)和噪声功率谱密度,结果表明该台基的背景地噪声达到"Ⅰ类台基噪声水平".     

水资源与社会经济发展要素时空匹配特征——以张家口为例

水资源短缺已成为制约区域经济社会发展的重要因素,协调水资源与社会经济关系是水资源可持续利用的关键。以张家口为例,采用洛伦兹基尼系数和不均衡指数模型对水资源与社会经济发展要素的时空匹配特征进行研究,结果表明：2004—2015年张家口水资源与人口、耕地面积分布处于“匹配比较合理”和“相对匹配”状态,水资源与经济布局匹配呈现出由“完全不匹配”状态逐渐转变为“相对不匹配”状态。在空间匹配演化方面,水资源与人口、耕地面积的匹配度变化不大。水资源与经济匹配结果表明在水资源禀赋越差的地区,经济增速越快,水资源与经济的空间匹配状况越差。张家口水资源与社会经济发展要素时空匹配特征研究,对于指导区域水资源合理开发利用具有重要的现实意义。