长江三角洲地区CO2浓度本底特征及来源分析

二氧化碳(CO₂)是引起全球变暖的最主要的温室气体(GHGs),直接观测大气CO₂浓度对于研究人类活动和自然活动对大气温室气体的贡献至关重要,而在多个高度上观测大气CO₂浓度则有助于明晰CO₂浓度的时空变化规律,确定其影响机制.本文利用临安区域大气本底站2018-12—2020-11不同高度(距地面21 m、53 m)处的CO₂在线观测数据,结合日变化及地面风的影响,对观测数据进行筛分,采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型和潜在源贡献因子法,初步探讨气象因素以及大气远距离传输对长江三角洲地区大气CO₂浓度的影响.结果表明,临安站高低层大气CO₂日变化呈夜间高于白天的特点;低层CO₂浓度大于高层,冬季高低层浓度差小于其他三季;日较差呈夏季>春季>秋季>冬季的特点;大气CO₂本底季节变化由于受到风向和气团传输的影响呈现出冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的特点;潜在源贡献分析得...     

耕地结构变化下水土资源匹配时空特征效应分析——以黑龙江省为例

基于耕地利用水资源的供需视角,在综合考虑耕地利用类型、作物种植结构、作物生长期等条件的基础上,结合黑龙江省的国家气象站数据,对耕地利用需水量与有效供水量从微观尺度上进行分析,并以此对1990—2018年内不同生长期耕地利用水土资源匹配的时空动态进行分析。结果表明：1990—2018年间黑龙江省耕地结构不断变化,旱改水现象在2010— 2018年间最为普遍;作物生育前期与中期需水量较多,后期需水量较少,需水量逐年上涨,与水田占比变化保持较为一致,并且空间上需水量高值地区偏移规律与同时段内的旱地水田化现象保持高度一致;1990—2018年间,作物各生育期水土资源匹配程度均先降后升,大部分的水土资源匹配高值地区分布在有效降水量的高值地区与旱地地区的交接地带,可见天然降水仍是满足耕地作物用水的主要来源;近年来三江平原南部地区水土资源匹配程度严重下降,粮食单产下滑,建议该部分地区减少旱改水工程量,同时,松嫩平原西部地区水土资源匹配水平与粮食单产逐年上升,可适当进行旱改水工程。     

中亚水热资源匹配特征及敏感性分析

从水热积指数出发,基于1931—2019年Climatic Research Unit（CRU）再分析资料,运用多时序分析方法,从多时间尺度分析中亚水热资源匹配空间特征和时序变化,并进行敏感归因探究。结果表明：（1）空间上中亚水热匹配条件存在相对优劣,优势区多分布于高纬及高山高原地带,水热资源匹配较差区域分布于南部沙漠。优势区多和同期降水高值区、潜在蒸散低值区和气温低值区重合,年际水热积指数变化不明显或呈弱下降趋势;较差区域多为同期潜在蒸散和气温高值区,降水低值区,水热积指数降低且年际变幅较大。（2）中亚水热资源匹配年内存在季节差异,春秋较好、冬季次之、夏季较差;在年际尺度上,1931—1974年,水热匹配条件呈现上升趋势;1974—2000年左右,水热匹配条件波动上升;2000—2019年,水热匹配条件下降,且在1971—1980年、1981—1990年、1990—2000年发生匹配条件突变。春夏秋季水热匹配变化趋势同年际趋势大致相同,冬季波动幅度较小。（3）在春、夏及年尺度上,主导敏感性因子为平均气温因子,在秋冬两季为降水因子;在高纬、高原高山区,水热积指数变化敏感性气候因子多为降水因子;中亚南部水热积指数变化对降水敏感性减弱,平均气温敏感性增加,且北部平均气温敏感性系数绝对值略低于南部;高山高原区域对极端温度变化较为敏感。     

Effects of national forest‐management regimes on unprotected forests of the Himalaya

Globally, deforestation continues, and although protected areas effectively protect forests, the majority of forests are not in protected areas. Thus, how effective are different management regimes to avoid deforestation in non‐protected forests? We sought to assess the effectiveness of different national forest‐management regimes to safeguard forests outside protected areas. We compared 2000–2014 deforestation rates across the temperate forests of 5 countries in the Himalaya (Bhutan, Nepal, China, India, and Myanmar) of which 13% are protected. We reviewed the literature to characterize forest management regimes in each country and conducted a quasi‐experimental analysis to measure differences in deforestation of unprotected forests among countries and states in India. Countries varied in both overarching forest‐management goals and specific tenure arrangements and policies for unprotected forests, from policies emphasizing economic development to those focused on forest conservation. Deforestation rates differed up to 1.4% between countries, even after accounting for local determinants of deforestation, such as human population density, market access, and topography. The highest deforestation rates were associated with forest policies aimed at maximizing profits and unstable tenure regimes. Deforestation in national forest‐management regimes that emphasized conservation and community management were relatively low. In India results were consistent with the national‐level results. We interpreted our results in the context of the broader literature on decentralized, community‐based natural resource management, and our findings emphasize that the type and quality of community‐based forestry programs and the degree to which they are oriented toward sustainable use rather than economic development are important for forest protection. Our cross‐national results are consistent with results from site‐ and regional‐scale studies that show forest‐management regimes that ensure stable land tenure and integrate local‐livelihood benefits with forest conservation result in the best forest outcomes.     

福建省自然灾害特点及背景分析

本文根据福建省历史上自然灾害事例概括出洪涝、干旱、地震、水土流失、冰雹、寒害等自然灾害特点。并从地理位置、环流因素、地形、地质构造、人为因素等方面分析了福建自然灾害形成的背景原因。最后针对福建省自然灾害特点提出了减灾建议。     

环境影响评价中容易忽视的问题及处理方法

在环境影响评价过程中,经常会遇到一些简单却又很容易被忽视的问题,如水环境评价中的pH值、DO、大气环境影响预测中的取样时间等。如若处理不当将直接影响到环评报告书评价结论,只有掌握这些问题的处理方法,才能不断提高环评人员的业务水平和评价报告的质量。     

上海地区13种金属土壤背景值初探

对上海地区518组土壤金属浓度数据进行归纳和空间分析,得出了上海地区13种金属砷、铍、镉、铬、铜、铅、汞、镍、银、铊、锌、锑和硒在土壤中的背景值及空间分布图,直观地表现了上海地区13种金属的空间分布特点,为今后确定上海地区土壤污染的标准提供参考.     

Effectiveness of China's National Forest Protection Program and nature reserves

There is profound interest in knowing the degree to which China's institutions are capable of protecting its natural forests and biodiversity in the face of economic and political change. China's 2 most important forest‐protection policies are its National Forest Protection Program (NFPP) and its national‐level nature reserves (NNRs). The NFPP was implemented in 2000 in response to deforestation‐caused flooding. We undertook the first national, quantitative assessment of the NFPP and NNRs to examine whether the NFPP achieved its deforestation‐reduction target and whether the NNRs deter deforestation altogether. We used MODIS data to estimate forest cover and loss across mainland China (2000–2010). We also assembled the first‐ever polygon dataset for China's forested NNRs (n = 237, 74,030 km² in 2000) and used both conventional and covariate‐matching approaches to compare deforestation rates inside and outside NNRs (2000–2010). In 2000, 1.765 million km² or 18.7% of mainland China was forested (12.3% with canopy cover of ≥70%)) or woodland (6.4% with canopy cover <70% and tree plus shrub cover ≥40%). By 2010, 480,203 km² of forest and woodland had been lost, an annual deforestation rate of 2.7%. Forest‐only loss was 127,473 km² (1.05% annually). In the NFPP provinces, the forest‐only loss rate was 0.62%, which was 3.3 times lower than in the non‐NFPP provinces. Moreover, the Landsat data suggest that these loss rates are overestimates due to large MODIS pixel size. Thus, China appears to have achieved, and even exceeded, its target of reducing deforestation to 1.1% annually in the NFPP provinces. About two‐thirds of China's NNRs were effective in protecting forest cover (prevented loss 4073 km² unmatched approach; 3148 km² matched approach), and within‐NNR deforestation rates were higher in provinces with higher overall deforestation. Our results indicate that China's existing institutions can protect domestic forest cover.     

湿式电除尘器极配改进及性能测定

极配形式作为电除尘器的核心组成部分,对电晕放电特性的影响十分重要。电除尘器极配系统电晕放电性能可用伏安特性曲线来描述和判断。通过实验研究了电场风速、雾滴粒径和喷水量对湿式电除尘器电晕放电特性的影响。结果表明:电场风速对起晕电压和火花放电电压的影响不大;在相同的试验条件下,随着电场风速的增大,伏安特性曲线向下偏移;在相同的电压下,雾滴粒径越大,电晕电流越大,但火花放电电压却降低;在一定的电场风速下,随着喷水量的增大,伏安特性曲线有向上偏移的趋势,但火花放电电压比不喷水时要低得多。     

上海市崇明岛农业土壤中二噁英的现状研究及来源分析

为了解上海市崇明岛农用土壤中二噁英类化合物(PCDD/Fs)现状水平及其来源,于2021年6-7月采集上海市崇明岛31个农业土壤样品,采用同位素稀释法测定样品中17种2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs的含量,并且对其现状水平、异构体特征以及来源进行初步分析。结果表明,31个土壤样品中均检出PCDD/Fs,质量分数为88.14~356.55 pg/g,对应毒性当量为0.64~2.20 pg I-TEQ/g,统计频率分析发现呈右侧拖尾的偏态分布,中位数为1.05 pg I-TEQ/g。经过比较,崇明岛农用土壤属于典型的背景土壤,土壤中二噁英类物质的污染属于较低水平。利用主成分分析(PCA)和正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)对可能的来源进行分析,结果显示上海市崇明岛农业土壤中PCDD/Fs的主要来源为五氯酚(PCP)、水稻秸秆烟(RSS)和交通源(TS),占比分别为61.6%,23.2%和15.2%。结合采样地理位置推断,上海市崇明岛农业土壤中PCDD/Fs可能受到来自崇明岛自身农耕以及交通等因素的影响。