Effects of low concentrations of the phenylurea herbicide diuron on biofilm algae and bacteria

A system of recirculating channels was used in this study to examine the long-term effects (29 d) of environmentally realistic concentrations of the herbicide diuron (from 0.07 to 7 μg L⁻¹) on biofilm communities. The autotrophic activity of biofilms was affected by this herbicide, as reflected by a marked decrease in the photosynthetic efficiency. Diuron exposure also increased chlorophyll-a content and reduced the biovolume of diatom taxa at low concentrations. The effects on bacteria were also remarkable. Bacterial abundance was reduced after a week of exposure to the herbicide at a range of concentrations. Effects were on the number of live bacteria and on the increase in the leucine-aminopeptidase activity. It is suggested that inputs of herbicides to the river ecosystem at low concentrations may cause a chain of effects in the biofilm, which include inhibitory effects on algae but also indirect effects on the relationships between biofilm components.     

一株溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及其溶藻特性

从对藻类及藻毒素有良好去除作用的海绵固定化微生物系统中分离到一株溶藻细菌P0 7,对该菌溶解铜绿微囊藻(Microcystisaeruginosa)、栅藻(Scenedesmus)及小球藻(Chlorella)的效果、溶藻方式进行了研究,利用16SrDNA序列分析对其进行了鉴定.结果表明,该菌株不但对铜绿微囊藻具有良好的溶解效果,而且对淡水中常见的栅藻及小球藻也具有良好的去除作用.初始菌浓度越大,溶藻效果越明显,达到最佳溶藻效果的时间越短.当菌浓度为2 . 4×10 7个·mL- 1 时,3d后铜绿微囊藻的去除率可达到81 .67% .该菌溶藻无需菌体与藻细胞直接接触,是通过分泌某种非蛋白质类物质溶藻.该菌革兰氏染色呈阳性,可运动;不能利用大多数常见碳源.16SrDNA序列分析表明,P0 7菌株与多株芽孢杆菌的16SrDNA核苷酸序列的同源性均在99. 7%以上,归属于芽孢杆菌属.     

齐齐哈尔市大气微生物污染水平

通过对不同月份大气微生物数据分析得出：一年中１、２月份污染轻；６～１０月份污染重，通过对不同功能区大气微生物数据分析得出：人群密集、绿化差的“一百”采样点污染重，人群稀疏、绿化较好的“二厂”采样点污染较轻．与此同时应用制定的污染分级标准划分了各功能区、各月污染状况．     

地下水中铁、锰的存在形式及去除技术探讨

地下水中铁、锰存在形式复杂 ,铁锰超标产生一定的危害性 ,本文通过研究地下水除铁除锰技术的发展趋势 ,对现有除铁除锰技术进行比较 ,阐明了生物除铁除锰技术的发展前景     

富营养化水体景观的微生物修复研究

把美国的基因工程菌应用于徐州市黄河故道富营养化水体，对水体中营养性指标进行了测定及分析，并对水体中生物生长变化情况进行观察，从而了解在富营养状态下水体水质变化的基本情况。在了解水体水质变化状况的基础上，利用消氮细菌及沉淀细菌对实验水体进行生物修复。     

Intrinsic degradation of volatile fatty acids in laboratory-compacted clayey soil

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) represent the major organic constituent of landfill leachate and provide the greatest potential for leachate induced organic contamination of groundwater (e.g. as represented by an increase in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand). Long-term diffusion tests were performed for laboratory-compacted clayey soil plugs exposed to continuous supply of synthetic leachate containing VFAs. Significant microbial activity developed upon exposure of the soil's indigenous microorganisms to these degradable contaminants. The growth of heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (HAB, which include facultative anaerobes), sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic bacteria carrying out fermentation and mineralization of the VFAs became evident after 30-50 days of testing. The maximum microbial counts of (2-8) x 10(8) and (0.1-1) x 10(8) cfu/g for HAB and SRB were localized in the soil layer at the interface with the source of organic and inorganic nutrients. Regardless of this rapid growth in microbial population, the VFA consumption was small and measurable only after a lag of 140-180 days. It is considered that this lag of otherwise readily degradable organic compounds (such as VFAs) persisted due to a combination of the effects of a high initial concentration of these acids (2.4 g/l as dissolved organic carbon, DOC) applied to carbon starved soil microorganisms and the small pore size of the compacted clay. Once the significant amounts of gas were generated from fermentation, conditions developed for improved mass transport and exchange of the nutrients and bacteria and the outcome of the intrinsic degradation was more apparent. The breakdown of VFAs that followed after the lag was localized near the top of the soil and was characterized by a short half-life of 0.75-5 days for DOC (total VFAs as dissolved organic carbon).     

Indoor and outdoor bioaerosol levels at recreation facilities, elementary schools, and homes

One major deficiency in linking environmental exposure to health effects is the current lack of data on environmental exposure. Therefore, to address this issue, the present study measured the bacterial and fungal concentrations in the indoor and outdoor air from two types of recreation facility (42 bars and 41 Internet cafes), 44 classrooms at 11 elementary schools, and 20 homes under uncontrolled environmental conditions during both summer and winter. No major environmental problems were reported at the four microenvironments being investigated during the entire study period. Bacteria and fungi were found in all the air samples, and the environmental occurrence of individual fungi was in the order of Cladosprium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria. The six parameters surveyed in the present study were all found to influence the indoor and outdoor bioaerosol levels: microenvironment type, sampling time in elementary school classrooms, agar type for measuring the fungal species, seasonal variation, facility location, and summer survey periods. The indoor and outdoor air concentrations of bacteria and fungi found in this study were comparable to those in other reports, with GM values for the total bacteria and total fungi between 10 and 10³ colony-forming units per cubic meter of air (CFU m⁻³). The fungal concentrations found at most of the indoor environments fell within the specified guidelines of the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), between 100 and 1000 CFU m⁻³ for the total fungi. However, the indoor bioaerosol concentrations at most of the surveyed environments exceeded the Korean indoor bioaerosol guideline (800 CFU m⁻³). Consequently, the current findings suggest the need for reducing strategy for indoor microorganisms at the surveyed microenvironments.     

微生物菌脱除煤油中含硫化合物的研究

油品中的含硫化合物对石油加工及其产品应用所产生的危害是多方面的,寻求高效经济的脱硫方法具有重要意义。与传统的加氢脱硫法(HDS)相比,生物脱硫法(BDS)具有更广阔的应用前景。利用在北京燕山石化公司采集的含有微生物菌种的样品,以溶于煤油中的硫醇为唯一硫源,在温和条件下,通过细菌适宜的代谢过程进行脱硫。对采得的部分菌种进行初步筛选,并对菌种的最佳反应条件进行初探。实验表明,18号菌种在温度30℃、初始pH7～7.5的条件下,选择培养基A,采用透气性好的封口膜塞进行培养,达到最佳脱硫率为15.4%。该菌种能使煤油中的部分有机硫转化成水溶性硫而被脱除。     

Identification and methionine analog tolerance of environmental bacterial isolates selected on methionine analog containing medium

Methionine is the first limiting amino acid in poultry feed. Currently, methionine supplement is synthesized from an expensive chemical process requiring hazardous chemicals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were isolation of methionine producing bacteria from environmental samples and quantification of methionine production in these isolated bacteria. MCGC medium was selected as the isolation medium for methionine-producing bacteria by using Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032 and Escherichia coli ATCC23798 as the positive and negative controls, respectively. Thirty-nine bacterial strains were obtained from environmental samples. Only strains A121, A122, A151 and A181 were able to tolerate up to 0.1% (w/v) of ethionine or norleucine. These isolated strains were identified by sequencing small subunit rRNA genes. The results revealed that bacterial strains A121, A122, A151and A181 were Klebsiella species, Acinetobacter baumannii, A. baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. When methionine production in strains A121 and A181 was quantitated, strains A121 and A181 generated methionine up to 31.1 and 124.6 μg/ml, respectively.     

铬(Ⅵ)土著还原菌筛选及初步鉴定实验研究

以重铬酸钾为供试物,用固体平板法和还原实验对铬(Ⅵ)土著还原菌进行筛选,用载片培养法、革兰氏染色法、鞭毛染色法、芽孢染色法对还原菌做初步的鉴定,共筛选出16株铬(Ⅵ)土著还原菌,并挑选出还原率相对较高的Z2(35.2%)、Z3(45.2%)、Z4(38.6%)、X8(30.4%)、X10(29.4%)作为铬(Ⅵ)的优势还原菌株。经初步鉴定,土著真菌Z2为黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger),Z3、Z4为镰刀菌属(Fusariumsp.),土著细菌X8、X10为芽孢杆菌(Bacillussp.)。实验的方法和成果将为铬(Ⅵ)污染土壤微生物治理技术的推广应用提供技术支持。