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51.
Bangladesh is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, affected by cyclones and floods, as well as chronic hazards such as arsenic poisoning. NGOs have played a major role in bringing concerns related to risk management on to the national agenda and promoting a shift of focus from mere relief response to disaster mitigation and preparedness. The government has, after earlier scepticism, now accepted NGOs as major partners in these tasks. Innovative approaches, such as the use of microfinance, have been applied; many of which are related to preserving the gains of development efforts as part of rehabilitation. NGOs have pressured for better coordination with government. Improved structures are now approved, but it is still too early to judge their impact. Despite progress, neither NGOs nor governmental agencies have clearly defined roles in the effort to link disaster management priorities. This will ensure that longer-term development efforts build on local capacities and reduce vulnerabilities. 相似文献
52.
Drought in Bangladesh: Lessons for planners and administrators 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Hugh Brammer 《Disasters》1987,11(1):21-29
The 1978–1979 drought in Bangladesh affected three crop seasons, reducing rice production by an estimated two million tons. Rainfall deficiency varied regionally and locally, and drought effects varied with soils, crops and management. Farmers used new practices such as irrigation of crops normally grown rainfed, cultivation of famine millets, and – when rain eventually fell – transplanting crops that normally are direct seeded (including replanting to fill gaps in drought-affected fields). Crop rotations also were adjusted to compensate for crop losses or late planting and to take advantage of reduced flood-levels or changed market prices. The various and location-specific responses by farmers provide useful lessons for planners and administrators in a disaster-prone country: production plans and programmes must be flexible; relevant environmental factors, crop areas sown and crop condition must be closely monitored and the implications promptly assessed; and the farmers' repertoire of disaster-mitigating practices should be recorded so as to provide a basis for more pragmatic research, extension and development programmes. A method for monitoring and assessing rainfall is described. 相似文献
53.
This paper explores the experiences of female adolescents during the 1998 floods in Bangladesh, focusing on the implications of socio-cultural norms related to notions of honour, shame, purity and pollution. These cultural notions are reinforced with greater emphasis as girls enter their adolescence, regulating their sexuality and gender relationships. In Bangladeshi society, adolescent girls are expected to maintain their virginity until marriage. Contact is limited to one's family and extended relations. Particularly among poorer families, adolescent girls tend to have limited mobility to safeguard their 'purity'. This is to ensure that the girl's reputation does not suffer, thus making it difficult for the girl to get married. For female adolescents in Bangladesh, a disaster situation is a uniquely vulnerable time. Exposure to the unfamiliar environment of flood shelters and relief camps, and unable to maintain their 'space' and privacy from male strangers, a number of the girls were vulnerable to sexual and mental harassment. With the floods, it became difficult for most of the girls to be appropriately 'secluded'. Many were unable to sleep, bathe or get access to latrines in privacy because so many houses and latrines were under the water. Some of the girls who had begun menstruation were distressed at not being able to keep themselves clean. Strong social taboos associated with menstruation and the dirty water that surrounded them made it difficult for the girls to wash their menstrual cloths or change them frequently enough. Many of them became separated from their social network of relations, which caused them a great deal of anxiety and stress. Their difficulty in trying to follow social norms have had far-reaching implications on their health, identity, family and community relations. 相似文献
54.
Sharif Ahmed Mukul A. Z. M. Manzoor Rashid Mohammad Belal Uddin Niaz Ahmed Khan 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(4):628-642
People in the developing world derive a significant part of their livelihoods from various forest products, particularly non-timber forest products (NTFPs). This article attempts to explore the contribution of NTFPs in sustaining forest-based rural livelihood in and around a protected area (PA) of Bangladesh, and their potential role in enhancing households' resilience capacity. Based on empirical investigation, our study revealed that local communities gather a substantial amount of NTFPs from national park despite the official restrictions. Twenty seven percent households (HHs) of the area received at least some cash benefit from the collection, processing and selling of NTFPs, and NTFPs contribute to HHs' primary, supplementary and emergency sources of income. NTFPs also constituted an estimated 19% of HHs' net annual income, and were the primary occupation for about 18% of the HHs. HHs' dependency on nearby forests for various NTFPs varied vis-à-vis their socio-economic condition, as well as with their location from the park. Based on our case study, the article also offers some clues for improving the situation in PA. 相似文献
55.
Freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) farming in Bangladesh has, to a large extent, been dependent on the supply of wild larvae. Although there are 81 freshwater
prawn hatcheries in the country, a lack of technical knowledge, inadequate skilled manpower, and an insufficient supply of
wild broods have limited hatchery production. Many thousands of coastal poor people, including women, are engaged in fishing
for wild prawn larvae along the coastline during a few months each year. On average, 40% of the total yearly income for these
people comes from prawn larvae fishing activity. However, indiscriminate fishing of wild larvae, with high levels of bycatch
of juvenile fish and crustaceans, may impact negatively on production and biodiversity in coastal ecosystems. This concern
has provoked the imposition of restrictions on larvae collection. The ban has, however, not been firmly enforced because of
the limited availability of hatchery-raised larvae, the lack of an alternative livelihood for people involved in larvae fishing,
and weak enforcement power. This article discusses the environmental and social consequences of prawn larvae fishing and concludes
that, by increasing awareness among fry fishers, improving fishing techniques (reducing bycatch mortality), and improving
the survival of fry in the market chain, a temporal ban may be a prudent measure when considering the potential negative impacts
of bycatch. However, it also suggests that more research is needed to find out about the impact of larvae fishing on nontarget
organisms and on the populations of targeted species. 相似文献
56.
Several researchers have examined the role of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in poverty alleviation, but the part that they play in disaster risk reduction remains unaddressed. Through an empirical study of Hatiya Island, one of the most vulnerable coastal communities of Bangladesh, this research evaluates perceptions of MFI support for the disaster risk reduction, response, and recovery process. The findings reveal no change in relation to risk reduction and income and occupation aspects for more than one‐half of the clients of MFIs. In addition, only 26 per cent of them have witnessed less damage as a result of being members of MFIs. One can argue, though, that the longer the membership time period the better the disaster preparedness, response, and recovery process. The outcomes of this study could help to guide the current efforts of MFIs to enhance the ability of coastal communities to prepare for and to recover from disasters efficiently and effectively. 相似文献
57.
This paper examined the factors that might influence participating farmers’ willingness-to-pay for the Tree Farming Fund (TFF)
established for sustainable development of participatory forest management (PFM). Information on willingness-to-pay, socioeconomic
characteristics, and attitudes of participating farmers toward TFF were obtained from interviews with 581 participating farmers.
Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the dominant factors that might influence participating farmers’ willingness-to-pay
for the TFF. The results showed that participating farmers’ willingness-to-pay was significantly affected by (i) family income;
(ii) education level; (iii) confidence that his aspired benefits will be received; (iv) agreement with the statement that
‘PFM is sustainable under the present state of management’; (v) agreement with the statement that ‘PFM is a good strategy
for forest conservation’; and (vi) knowledge of PFM strategies. Thus, participating farmers with a higher level of education,
higher income and positive attitudes toward TFF tended to express more willingness-to-pay. Establishment of TFF could be an
effective strategy in implementing sustainable PFM in Bangladesh. For this strategy to succeed, however, active partnership
between the participating farmers and Forest Department is required. Participating farmers’ attitudes toward TFF should therefore
be taken into consideration as should the results of this study, which are important indicators of participating farmers’
positive attitudes toward TFF. 相似文献
58.
Cyclone shelters and their locational suitability: an empirical analysis from coastal Bangladesh 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bishawjit Mallick 《Disasters》2014,38(3):654-671
Bangladesh is one of the poorest and the most disaster‐prone countries in Asia; it is important, therefore, to know how its disaster reduction strategies are organised and planned. Cyclone shelters comprise a widely acceptable form of infrastructural support for disaster management in Bangladesh. This paper attempts to analyse empirically their use during cyclones in a sample study area along the southwest coastal belt of the country. It shows how the location of a cyclone shelter can determine the social power structure in coastal Bangladesh. The results reveal that the establishment of cyclone shelters in the studied communities is determined by neither a right‐based nor a demand‐based planning approach; rather, their creation is dependent on the socio‐political affluence of local‐level decision‐makers. The paper goes on to demonstrate that socially vulnerable households (defined, for example, by income or housing conditions) are afforded disproportionately less access to cyclone shelters as compared to less socially vulnerable households. 相似文献
59.
Julian E. Spallholz PhD L. Mallory Boylan J. David Robertson Linda Smith Mohammad M. Rahman Jason Hook 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(2):203-210
Arsenic (As) contamination of the available domestic drinking water from shallow aquifers to villagers in Bangladesh often exceeds the newest WHO standard of <10 µg As L?1 and the older Bangladeshi standard of <50 µg As L?1. An estimated 9.2 million shallow tube wells in Bangladesh deliver water to 97% of the rural population, placing an estimated 57 million people at risk for arsenicosis. The contamination of drinking water by As extends to W. Bengal, India and Nepal. The same shallow aquifers used for domestic water are also used to irrigate food crops, particularly rice. Irrigation adds As to soils and increases exposure of the population to additional As via foods consumed. Selenium (Se), an essential trace mineral found in soils, is absorbed by plants, entering the human food chain. It was suggested that a low dietary intake of Se may be contributing to the problem of human arsenicosis in Bangladesh. Dietary Se acts as a natural antidote to As by (1) accelerating As excretion, (2) sequestering As by complexation and (3) as an antioxidant component of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase that may counteract the prooxidant effects of As that contribute to arsenicosis and cancer. Analysis of 70 agricultural soil samples from Bangladesh by fluorimetry, ICP-AES and Neutron Activation Analysis showed the soils analyzed to be high in As (~33 µg g?1) and biologically low in soluble Se (~0.02 µg g?1). A low dietary intake of Se related to low soil content and this mineral in foods may be contributing to human arsenicosis in the Ganges–Brahmaputra delta. 相似文献
60.
《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(2):166-179
Housing is not only a structure, but also a process tied up with social, cultural, psychological and economic attributes. Following Cyclone Sidr, the Government of Bangladesh has been using ‘build back better’ as a colloquial slogan to push forward the idea of resilience in post-disaster interventions, especially with regard to rebuilding houses. This paper examines how and whether the idea is reflected through the government's post-Sidr housing project at Gabtola. It problematizes the slogan from the accounts of community participation, local practicalities, culture, weather and potential future risks. Based on eight months of ethnographic fieldwork at Gabtola, this research found that the basic attributes of the ‘build back better’ slogan are absent with regard to the housing scheme's cost efficiency, management, livelihoods, public health aspects and tolerance against a super-cyclone. These findings will provide valuable insights into the problems associated with the implementation of post-cyclone public housing programmes in Bangladesh. Such insights can assist public authorities and other relevant organizations and donor agencies in revising and improving their post-disaster housing programmes in the wake of future disasters. 相似文献