Impacts of Livestock Grazing and Tree Clearing on Birds of Woodland and Riparian Habitats

Abstract:  We investigated the impact of pastoral management on birds in subtropical grassy eucalypt woodland in southeastern Queensland, Australia, where the patterns of land management have made it possible to disentangle the effects of livestock grazing from those of tree clearing. We recorded changes in bird species composition, density, and relative abundance across two woodland habitat types (riparian and nonriparian) and two levels of clearing (wooded and nonwooded) and three levels of livestock grazing (low, moderate, and high) replicated over space (1000 km²) and time (2001–2002). We predicted that species that depend on understory vegetation would be most negatively affected by livestock grazing. A Bayesian generalized linear model showed that the level of grazing had the greatest effect when trees were present. When trees were absent, the impact of grazing was overshadowed by the effects of a lack of trees. Over 65% of species responded to different levels of grazing, and the abundance of 42% of species varied markedly with habitat and grazing. The most common response to grazing was high species relative abundance under low levels of grazing (28% of species), species absence at high levels of grazing (20%), and an increase in abundance with increasing grazing (18%). Despite having similar bird assemblages, the effect of grazing was stronger in riparian habitat than in adjacent woodland habitat. Our results suggest that any level of commercial livestock grazing is detrimental to some woodland birds, particularly the understory-dependant species, as predicted. Nevertheless, provided trees are not cleared, a rich and abundant bird fauna can coexist with moderate levels of grazing. Habitats with high levels of grazing, on the other hand, resulted in a species-poor bird assemblage dominated by birds that are increasing in abundance nationally .     

Modelling Ecological Presence–absence Data along an Environmental Gradient: Threshold Levels of the Environment

A methodology for estimating environmental thresholds of binary presence–absence data is presented where the level of the threshold is parameterised. Presence–absence data is fitted to three complementary different models: an independent null-model, a monotonically increasing or decreasing model, and an optimum model. The range of the three models is strictly between zero and one and the models are therefore well suited for modelling presence probabilities. The results of the three models may be combined by using Bayesian model selection methodologies. The proposed methodology is exemplified on observed binary presence–absence data of Bauera rubioides along an elevation gradient. Received: May 2005 / Revised: July 2005 An erratum to this article is available at.     

室内空气品质评价

文章介绍了室内空气品质的由来,并介绍了室内空气品质的定义,归纳了部分室内空气品质的影响因素和评价方法,提出了一些相关的改善措施.     

谈双鸭山市气象特征及地形特征对空气质量的影响

双鸭山市采暖期污染较重是因为采暖期燃煤量大、低矮分散的面源多的缘故，同时气象因素及地形特征对空气质量的影响也起着相当大的作用，采用2005年空气质量监测数据，进行双鸭山市气象特征及地形特征对空气质量影响分析，得出空气较稳定的取暖期和具有山风、谷风、局地环流的地形特征是形成双鸭山市空气污染的主要原因之一，并针对地形特征及气象特征对双鸭山市空气质量的影响提出空气污染治理措施。     

造纸行业环境影响评价中清洁生产评价的实践与思考

造纸行业是资金密集型、技术密集型产业，企业能耗、水耗、资源消耗很大。随着产品产量的增加，行业污染物排放重势必存在增长趋势，造纸行业清洁生产潜力巨大，造纸项目环境影响评价中的清洁生产水平评价变得越来越重要。就造纸行业环境影响评价中清洁生产水平评价的评价指标、评价方法、评价工作中遇到的实际问题以及当前形势对环境影响评价的更高要求以及应对办法等进行了论述。     

轧辊辊型曲线的计算机辅助设计

用影响函数法确定普通四辊轧机辊系的弹性变形 ,用有限单元法确定工作辊的热凸度 ,在此基础上耦合求解轧辊原始辊型曲线 ,与现场使用的辊型曲线对比表明 :该法能较准确地快速确定轧辊的原始辊型     

Modelling the meteorological influence onthe yellowing of spring wheat leaves

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预测飞机噪声对人体健康的影响

简述了现有机场飞机噪声主要评价量的优缺点,重点对飞机噪声对不同人群的影响作了探讨,建立了考虑飞机噪声对不同人群影响后的评价公式,同时为确定人群影响修正系数,将不同人群划分为5个年龄段，按目标层，准则层，指标层3层划分建立了不同人群影响的评价指标体系，并通过建立两两判断矩阵和引用实例统计数字计算了一个理论参考值。     

试论公路建设对环境的影响及保护措施

公路建设的蓬勃发展给环境带来了极大的影响，本文着重就公路建设对环境的负面影响进行了分析，提出了公路建设中的各项环保措施。     

质量控制图的原理及其在环境监测分析中的应用

结合数理统计中最小概率事件原理，探讨了质量控制图的原理、常用类型、分析和实现过程以及在环境监测质量控制中的应用。