基于二维水动力水质模拟下水环境容量的求解研究

由于受到适用条件有限、计算烦琐等方面的限制,目前许多水环境容量计算方法难以得到广泛应用,采用了影响系数法,在二维水动力水质模拟的基础上,以下边界上最大浓度点为控制点,计算区域的水环境容量,并对长江仪征工业用水区的水环境容量进行了计算,得出该河段环境容量为17 969.2t/a.该方法计算简单,且综合考虑了控制点的浓度,污染源位置,河流水文,水力学特性等多种因素,是一种非常有效且值得推广的计算方法,可为该区域水资源保护规划提供依据.     

纳米零价铁降解水中四氯化碳的试验研究

以四氯化碳为目标污染物,研究了不同因素对自制纳米零价铁降解水中四氯化碳的影响,并对反应产物及可能的反应路径进行了探讨.结果表明,自制纳米零价铁对四氯化碳有很好的降解效果.在pH=3和30℃的条件下,当初始四氯化碳浓度为2.0 mg·L~(-1),纳米零价铁浓度为1.0 g·L~(-1)时,去除率高达96.7%.纳米零价铁降解四氯化碳的酸碱适应范围较大(pH值3~9).随着温度升高和纳米零价铁投加量的增大,四氯化碳降解率显著提高.该反应符合一级动力学,且反应活化能较低,反应易于进行.     

不同回用用途下典型城市污水再生处理工艺的生命周期评价分析

对3种典型城市污水再生处理工艺(微絮凝+砂滤+消毒(MSD)、混凝+转盘过滤+消毒(CRD)和混凝沉淀+超滤+消毒(CUD))进行生命周期环境影响定量评价,探讨了不同工艺在不同回用用途下的环境表现。结果表明:MSD工艺在富营养化(EP)方面的影响略高,归一化结果为9.32E-15,其他方面环境影响均小于CRD和CUD工艺;不同回用用途的污水再生可在某些方面抵消原需水产生的环境影响,有一定环境效益,不同出水用途的替代抵消作用可影响环境表现。以砂滤为主的典型城市污水再生处理工艺在出水用于工业冷却水时,归一化加权结果为其他两种工艺的25%和7.5%,具有较好的应用前景。     

Reliability data acquisition and evaluation in process plants

Based on the practical experience of assessing reliability data in two plants of the explosives industry, the organization and scope of the data collection, the component delimitation, the procedures of quality assurance and the data evaluation for their final use in PSA studies are presented. An example is given for the type of detection and repair, etc. The mathematical background for evaluating observed component lifetimes is discussed. Both frequentist and Bayesian methods are addressed. The resulting failure rate distributions and their approximations by log-normal distributions for several key components are presented. They were obtained using a Bayesian approach with a non-informative prior. Remarks on uncertainty, their treatment and a proposal for transferring data to plants other than the ones investigated conclude the presentation.     

The influence of iron flow on iron resource efficiency in the steel manufacturing process

An iron resource efficiency is proposed to define a measure of the natural iron resources saved in the steel manufacturing process. A simplified iron flow diagram is presented for the steel manufacturing process. The influences of various deviations in iron flow from the simplified iron flow diagram on iron resource efficiency are analyzed. The relationships between iron resource efficiency of unit processes and the final product are also discussed. As an example, data from a steel plant are used to analyze the influence of iron flow on its iron resource efficiency of finial product in the steel manufacturing process, the influence of iron resource efficiency of unit process on iron resource efficiency of the final product, and give some measures to improve the iron resource efficiency of the steel manufacturing process.     

Estimating annual generation rates of total P and total N for different land uses in Tasmania, Australia

Water quality issues have become increasingly important to Australian catchment stakeholders. As extensive nutrient sampling and modelling expertise are often absent or unattainable, simple unit-area models like Catchment Management Support System (CMSS) remain an attractive option for informing water quality management decisions. The selection of nutrient generation rates for use in CMSS is often an arbitrary assignment based on limited literature sources or expert opinion. Using a Bayesian model to estimate nutrient generation rates for the region of Tasmania, Australia, improved the rigor of CMSS modelling and in the process highlighted that dairy pastures were the most significant contributor of total phosphorus and total nitrogen loads to Tasmanian rivers.     

基于贝叶斯网络的汽车起重机液压系统的可靠性评估

为评估汽车起重机液压系统的可靠性,首先结合故障树分析法(FTA)、贝叶斯网络(BN)构建液压系统故障树,然后映射成BN,再利用其在多态性和不确定性方面的优势,应用桶排除法,对系统进行可靠性评估。在给出底事件的发生概率后,通过正向推理,得到顶事件发生的概率为0.191 016。针对模型进行多态性和不确定性修正后,得到的顶事件概率为0.228 073,相对提高19.4%。最后利用反向推理,找出系统的薄弱环节并给出改正措施,为更全面高效的可靠性评估提出一种新方法。     

地下水曝气技术（AS）的国内外研究进展

地下水曝气法（Air Sparging,AS）凭借其高效、原位的优势已经成为治理土壤、地下水有机污染的重要技术,其修复机理是将加压空气注入到饱和含水层以下,有机污染物通过相间传质作用（溶解、挥发、解吸、生物降解等）转化为挥发性污染物,并随气流迁移至包气带,再由其他抽气装置收集到地表气体处理设备。本文总结了AS技术在理论模型、曝气性能影响因素（气体流型、曝气影响半径）等方面的研究现状,归纳了气体流型的发展过程以及测量曝气影响半径的常见方法。地下水曝气法在国外地下水、土壤有机污染修复中的应用越来越广泛,理论研究方面也比较成熟。文章比较了AS技术在国内外的研究和应用情况,认为目前该技术应朝着综合的方向发展,以提高污染物修复效率。     

基于AHP与粗糙集理论的采空区稳定性影响因素权重分析

为充分吸收层次分析法和粗糙集理论两类评价方法的优点,同时又能克服各自的缺陷,实现二者的优势互补,通过建立采空区稳定性影响因素综合评价指标体系,以层次分析法确定主观权重、粗糙集理论确定客观权重,然后将主、客观权重进行有机集成得到组合权重,使得采空区稳定性影响因素的评价更具客观性,从而提高采空区稳定性影响因素评价的精度。以老鸦巢矿区为例,构建了13个指标的综合评价指标体系,通过计算组合权重得到影响采空区稳定性的主要因素为高跨比、地质构造、最大暴露面积,这与矿山实际情况基本符合。     

Region of influence method improves macroinvertebrate predictive models in Maryland

Stream biological assessment reflects not just conventional water quality, but an environmental quality that represents the integrity of the stream ecosystem. In Britain, Australia and the United States, macroinvertebrate predictive models were built and applied to stream assessment by employing multivariate analysis. There were variations in these models, where adaptations were made for different regions, but the philosophy underlying the models was similar: employ site classification to predict expected assemblage. Taxon assemblage is predicted from reference groups with similar stream features; these resulting models are RIVPACS-style models. Because every site has to belong to one group in the classification process, each reference group might include some dissimilar sites, and their dissimilarity in taxon assemblage impaired the results of taxon predictions from these models. To avoid this limitation, this study employed a Region-of-Influence-style (ROI-style) modeling method, selecting only similar reference sites and allowing each site to build its own reference group.Three different Region-of-Influence selection schemes were applied to improve the macroinvertebrate predictive model in Maryland: the Assessment by Nearest Neighbour Analysis (ANNA), the Burn's Region of Influence (BROI), and the New Datum Region of Influence (NROI) predictive schemes. The prediction results from ANNA, BROI, and NROI were compared, and the reference selections of each predictive scheme were examined. The comparison showed no preference for the total number of reference sites used by either predictive scheme. The number of reference sites did not correlate to the quality of reference sites used and thus does not control the predictability. The ROI-style model in Maryland had better prediction performance than the RIVPACS-style models, and could improve the bioassessment of streams.