异烟酸-吡唑啉酮光度法测定水质中总氰化物的有关问题探讨

结合多年的工作经验,并阅读有关文献,对异烟酸-吡唑啉酮光度法测定水质中总氰化物的各种影响因素作了较为详尽的论述,并提出相应的解决方法。     

阿什河流域养殖业废水对松花江水质影响及防治对策

通过选用纵向推流、横向扩散二维数学模型对阿什河流域畜禽养殖业废水排入松花江而对松花江水质的影响进行分析预测,在此基础上提出污染防治措施与对策。     

Risk analysis of deepwater drilling operations using Bayesian network

Deepwater drilling is one of the high-risk operations in the oil and gas sector due to large uncertainties and extreme operating conditions. In the last few decades Managed Pressure Drilling Operations (MPD) and Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) have become increasingly used as alternatives to conventional drilling operations such as Overbalanced Drilling (OVD) technology. These newer techniques provide several advantages however the blowout risk during these operations is still not fully understood. Blowout is regarded as one of the most catastrophic events in offshore drilling operations; therefore implementation and maintenance of safety measures is essential to maintain risk below the acceptance criteria. This study is aimed at applying the Bayesian Network (BN) to conduct a dynamic safety analysis of deepwater MPD and UBD operations. It investigates different risk factors associated with MPD and UBD technologies, which could lead to a blowout accident. Blowout accident scenarios are investigated and the BNs are developed for MPD and UBD technologies in order to predict the probability of blowout occurrence. The main objective of this paper is to understand MPD and UBD technologies, to identify hazardous events during MPD and UBD operations, to perform failure analysis (modelling) of blowout events and to evaluate plus compare risk. Importance factor analysis in drilling operations is performed to assess contribution of each root cause to the potential accident; the results show that UBD has a higher occurrence probability of kick and blowout compared to MPD technology. The Rotating Control Devices (RCD) failure in MPD technology and increase in flow-through annulus in UBD technology are the most critical situations for kick and blowout.     

Fault propagation behavior study and root cause reasoning with dynamic Bayesian network based framework

The Bhopal disaster was a gas leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster happened around process facilities. Nowadays the process facilities in petrochemical industries have becoming increasingly large and automatic. There are many risk factors with complex relationships among them. Unfortunately, some operators have poor access to abnormal situation management experience due to the lack of knowledge. However these interdependencies are seldom accounted for in current risk and safety analyses, which also belonged to the main factor causing Bhopal tragedy. Fault propagation behavior of process system is studied in this paper, and a dynamic Bayesian network based framework for root cause reasoning is proposed to deal with abnormal situation. It will help operators to fully understand the relationships among all the risk factors, identify the causes that lead to the abnormal situations, and consider all available safety measures to cope with the situation. Examples from a case study for process facilities are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. It also provides a method to help us do things better in the future and to make sure that another such terrible accident never happens again.     

The bumpy road to better risk control: A Tour d'Horizon of new concepts and ideas

How can we be sure that sufficient safeguards are in place and safety level is acceptable? As we heard Prof. Nancy Leveson stating at last year's MKOPSC symposium, even with all components functioning, dysfunctional component interaction can still be a cause of mishap. Human factor expert, Prof. Erik Hollnagel, asserts it in even stronger terms: the Efficiency-Thoroughness Trade-off principle, or rather dilemma, contends that one can hardly do it perfectly well. Perfect thoroughness, certainly in complex situations, requires an amount of time with which efficiency will be in conflict. For improved situational awareness, sufficient resilience, and adequate risk control, we must adopt a top-down system approach. Hazard scenarios possible in the system, with all its entangled interactions of hardware, procedures, and humans shall be identified bottom-up and causal relations made clear. Fortunately, in recent years two potentially helpful tools have become available: Blended Hazid, a vastly improved, heavily computerized system approach making use of HazOp and FMEA, and Bayesian networks, a tool to model cause–effect structures allowing inclusion of uncertainty information. Bayesian networks as an infrastructure enable also the use of indicator values to relate the result of safety management effectiveness, which expresses itself as safety attitude of employees, competence, workload, and motivation, with their effects on error and failure probability. This paper will explain the directions these developments are advancing and the openings they provide for further process safety research and risk assessment, which when applied will result in improved process risk control.     

饮用水中三卤甲烷的生成特性及控制技术研究

水源中的腐殖酸等有机物在氯消毒过程中通常会与消毒剂发生反应生成三卤甲烷,且饮用水中卤代烷含量往往高于水源水,包括三氯甲烷(TCM)、一溴二氯甲烷(DCBM)、二溴一氯甲烷(DBCM)以及溴仿(TBM)等,以三氯甲烷为主.三卤甲烷(THMs)已被证实与动物体的癌症、畸形及遗传病密切相关.文章主要从三卤甲烷的生成特性与机理、影响因素及其去除控制技术等几方面对国内外有关研究进行具体综述和介绍,为今后更深入地研究THMs的生成机理及其前体有机物来源提供理论依据,以便寻求更经济实用、切实可行的控制与去除THMs的新技术,同时也应加强THMs暴露的健康风险等方面的评价.     

应用绿色材料的室内设计对室内空气质量的影响分析研究

多数室内装饰材料中含有氡、苯、甲醛等挥发性有害物质,对室内空气造成污染的同时,还危害人体健康.采用绿色材料进行室内设计,可降低室内空气污染.对室内空气中的污染源进行研究,分析可吸入颗粒、甲醛、人造板材、地毯、壁纸及涂料等对空气质量的影响.通过对涂料、抗菌材料、无机木材和无机玻璃的应用进行论述,完成应用绿色材料的室内空气质量分析.采用绿色材料装饰后,对室内各区域空气质量进行检测,全面分析绿色材料对室内空气质量的影响.     

Semi-continuous anaerobic co-digestion of orange peel waste and residual glycerol derived from biodiesel manufacturing

The manufacturing of orange juice generates high volumes of orange peel waste which should not be deposited in landfill according to current recommendations. Furthermore, glycerol is a compound co-generated in biodiesel manufacturing, but the volume generated is higher than the current demand for pure glycerol. The anaerobic co-digestion of orange peel waste with residual glycerol could reduce the inhibitory effect of some compounds and provide a correct nutrient balance. Under mesophilic temperature and semi-continuous conditions, a mixture of orange peel waste-residual glycerol of 1:1 (in COD) operated favorably for organic loads up to 2.10 g VS/L. At higher organic loads, the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and a decrease in the pH caused process destabilization. The methane yield coefficient was quite constant, with a mean value of 330 ± 51 mL_STP/g VS_added, while the organic loading rate (OLR) reached a mean value of 1.91 ± 0.37 kg VS/m³ d (17.59 ± 2.78 kg mixture/m³ d) and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) varied in a range of 8.5–30.0 d.     

实验用水对总氮检测结果的影响

用RO纯水与超纯水分别作为实验用水,通过标准曲线及空白、标准样品、水样等总氮测定对比实验,发现两种实验用水的标准曲线及空白值、标准样品的检测均受控,但两种纯水对比实验显示相对于超纯水而言,RO纯水中有一定浓度的总氮,同时在水样检测中用RO纯水作实验用水测定值明显低于用超纯水作实验用水的测定值,其差值与RO纯水中总氮值相符。实验结果表明总氮检测中不能只以标准曲线、空白值和标准样品测定值作为受控标准,要考虑实验用水中硝酸根离子的影响。