当前城市空气污染预报方法存在的问题及新思路

论述了当前国内外城市空气污染预报的主要方法以及存在的问题,探讨了一个基于贝叶斯网络的城市空气污染预报的新思路,并对其技术路线和关键问题等进行了初步探讨。新方法可以在一定程度上克服了现有方法理论上的缺陷和应用上的困难,而且具有更大的灵活性、现实性和可操作性,对于我国中小城市开展空气污染预报具有较好的应用前景。     

How floral odours are learned inside the bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) nest

Recruitment in social insects often involves not only inducing nestmates to leave the nest, but also communicating crucial information about finding profitable food sources. Although bumblebees transmit chemosensory information (floral scent), the transmission mechanism is unknown as mouth-to-mouth fluid transfer (as in honeybees) does not occur. Because recruiting bumblebees release a pheromone in the nest that triggers foraging in previously inactive workers, we tested whether this pheromone helps workers learn currently rewarding floral odours, as found in food social learning in rats. We exposed colonies to artificial recruitment pheromone, paired with anise scent. The pheromone did not facilitate learning of floral scent. However, we found that releasing floral scent in the air of the colony was sufficient to trigger learning and that learning performance was improved when the chemosensory cue was provided in the nectar in honeypots; probably because it guarantees a tighter link between scent and reward, and possibly because gustatory cues are involved in addition to olfaction. Scent learning was maximal when anise-scented nectar was brought into the nest by demonstrator foragers, suggesting that previously unidentified cues provided by successful foragers play an important role in nestmates learning new floral odours.     

吉林省COD排放环境学习曲线及减排潜力分析

基于2000-2009年吉林省9个市（州）COD排放量,对人均COD排放量和万元GDPCOD排放量的区域分布格局及其成因进行了定量分析;同时,基于2000-2009年COD排放量和人均GDP,建立了吉林省万元GDPCOD排放量随人均GDP变化的环境学习曲线,分析了2000-2009年COD排放环境负荷变化及减排潜力,对《吉林省国民经济和社会发展第十二五个五年规划纲要》确定的削减8．8％目标的可达性进行了预测。结果表明：在吉林省国民经济和社会发展指标条件下,目标值和预测值的误差小于2％,能够实现COD削减的约束性指标。     

基于贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络的砂土地震液化研究

砂土地震液化的影响因素具有高度的非线性关系,而神经网络在处理非线性问题上具有其独特的优越性.本文在探讨输人层模式的选择以及砂土液化影响因素的基础上,采用改进的贝叶斯正则化方法和"提前停止"算法建立了砂土地震液化预测模型,通过实例计算和模型评价,表明本模型的计算结果与规范法、改进的Seed简化法以及基于传统BP网络算法的...     

基于时空XGBoost的中国区域PM2.5浓度遥感反演

为了提高PM_2.5估算精度,获得连续的PM_2.5浓度空间分布,本文提出了一种时空XGBoost模型（STXGB）.STXGB模型引入克里金法,将地理信息和时间信息融合到XGBoost算法体系中,通过集成遥感数据、气象数据和地理信息数据建立了基于STXGB模型的PM_2.5质量浓度空间估算方法.最后,以2019年中国区域PM_2.5质量浓度月数据为例,采用基于样本、站点和时间的十折交叉验证法,评估了STXGB模型的性能,并与BP神经网络（BPNN）、随机森林（RF）、XGBoost、反距离加权XGBoost （XGBIDW）模型结果进行对比.结果表明,STXGB模型的预测精度优于其它模型,其中,STXGB模型验证的决定系数为0.92,均方根误差为6.51 μg·m^-3,平均预测误差为4.26 μg·m^-3,利用该模型生成的中国区域PM_2.5浓度空间分布更为合理.     

Estimating an homogeneous series of a population abundance indicator despite changes in data collection procedure: A hierarchical Bayesian modelling approach

Abundance indicators are required both to assess and to manage wild populations. As new techniques are developed and teams in charge of gathering the data change, data collection procedures (DCPs) can evolve in space and time. How to estimate an homogeneous series of abundance indicator despite changes in DCP? To tackle this question a hierarchical Bayesian modelling (HBM) approach is proposed. It integrates multiple DCPs in order to derive a single abundance indicator that can be compared over space and time irrespective of the DCP used. Compared to single DCP models, it takes further advantage for abundance estimation of the joint treatment of a larger set of spatio-temporal units. After presenting the general formulation of our HBM approach, it is applied to the juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) population of the River Nivelle (France). Posterior model checking, using χ² discrepancy measure, do not reveal any inadequacy between the model and the data. Despite a change in the DCP used (successive removals to catch-per-unit of effort), a unique abundance indicator for the 425 spatio-temporal units (site × year) sampled over twenty-four years (1985-2008) is estimated. The HBM approach allows the assessment of precision of the abundance estimates and shows variation between DCPs: a reduction in precision is observed during the most recent years (2005-2008) when only the catch-per-unit of effort DCP was used. The merits and generality of our HBM approach are discussed. We contend it extends previous single DCP models or inter-calibration of two DCPs, and it could be applied to a wide range of specific situations (taxon and DCPs).     

考虑组织因素的液化天然气泄漏安全评价方法

为考虑组织因素对于人因失误发生的根本性影响,提出一种以贝叶斯网络(BN)为工具的人因风险分析方法,并用于液化天然气泄漏的安全评价。先将认知可靠性与失误分析方法(CREAM)的共同绩效条件(CPC)分成3层,即组织层、技术系统层和个人层。以BN为工具,利用其因果推理和诊断推理的功能,进行人因失误预测和追溯的双向分析。将考虑组织因素的人员操作失误概率引入浮式液化天然气船(FLNGV)装卸过程LNG泄漏的BN中,进行LNG泄漏的安全评价以及事故原因的重要度分析。结果表明,"执行"失误是LNG泄漏最主要的事故原因,而个人层的CPC会对执行失误产生较大的影响。     

基于支持向量机的水资源安全评价

支持向量机以统计学习理论为基础,采用结构风险最小化准则,将学习问题转化为一个凸二次规划问题,能够得到全局最优解,适合解决小样本、非线性分类及回归问题。根据水资源安全的内涵,筛选出具有代表性的指标,组成水资源安全评价指标体系。建立了基于支持向量机的水资源安全评价模型,将安全标准划分为良好、安全、临界、不安全、危险5个等级。根据水资源安全评价标准及所属评价等级值,随机生成样本集,180个样本作为训练样本,构造了5个两类支持向量分类器,20个样本作为检验样本,检验样本分类全部正确。将模型应用于山西省11个城市的水资源安全评价,结果表明,该方法是有效、可行的。