Influence of personality traits on aberrant driving behaviors: A comparison of Japanese,Chinese, and Vietnamese drivers

Introduction: This study aims to explore the influence of Big Five personality traits in combination with various socio-demographic factors and experiences of accident involvement on aberrant driving behaviors. The study also compares the effects of the level of development (i.e., developed or developing) of three countries on the personality traits and driving behaviors. Method: The four-factor Driver Behavior Questionnaire was used to collect data on aberrant driving behaviors, while a short version of the 10-item Big Five Inventory was used to collect data on personality traits. Responses were collected from Japan (1,250 responses), China (1,250), and Vietnam (1,000). A latent variable model was applied after controlling data in each category (e.g., age). Results: This study revealed that respondents who experienced accidents in the past and scored higher on Agreeableness were less likely to commit aggressive violations in Japan, China, and Vietnam. Further, Japanese and Vietnamese female drivers who scored high on Conscientiousness were found to be less likely to commit ordinary violations. Neuroticism was positively correlated with aggressive violations only in the case of Vietnamese drivers, irrespective of the history of accident involvement. Conclusions: Drivers with particular personality types that are linked with aberrant driving behavior may need to receive additional training on behavior management. Practical Applications: This study may help road traffic policymakers predict future driving behaviors of Vietnamese and Chinese drivers based on those of Chinese and Japanese drivers, respectively, and act accordingly.     

抗焦虑药物和鱼类行为：建立奥沙西泮体内浓度与行为效应的联系

精神药物经常在水环境中被检测出。这些药物在鱼体内的靶点分子在进化上保守,表明这些药物会对鱼的行为方式产生类似于对人的影响。产生影响所需要的药物暴露浓度是研究的关键。本研究中我们将黑头呆鱼（Pimephales promelas）暴露在奥沙西泮（一种苯二氮类化合物）浓度为0.8,4.7和30.6 μg?L^-1的水体中,测定其摄取量和组织分布。我们通过以完成新鱼缸潜水测试和搜索庇护地测试来量化鱼类探索的行为,进而研究了奥沙西泮的体内浓度与的其探索行为的关系。大脑中奥沙西泮的浓度最高,血浆与肝脏中的浓度次之,肌肉中浓度最低。3组实验鱼血浆中奥沙西泮的平均浓度为8.7±5.7,30.3±16.1,和98.8±72.9 μg?L^-1,分别对应于之前3组水体浓度。血浆与组织中奥沙西泮的浓度在3组中均显著相关。在暴露浓度为30.6 μg?L^-1的水体中,鱼血浆中的浓度已达到或稍低于人体治疗血药浓度范围。暴露在4.7 μg?L^-1水体中的鱼在新鱼缸潜水测试中的行为受到了显著的影响。在同组中,奥沙西泮的血浆浓度接近人体治疗血药浓度最低值的三分之一。在奥沙西泮暴露浓度最低与最高的水体中,鱼类行为均未表现出受到显著影响。结果的显著性应在黑头呆鱼的物种特定性行为和已有的奥沙西泮药理学知识下进行讨论。
精选自Belinda Huerta, Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci, Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz, Martin Scholze, Matthew J. Winter, Damià Barceló,John P. Sumpter. Anti-anxiety drugs and fish behaviour: establishing the link between internal concentrations of oxazepam and behavioural effects. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 11, pages 2782–2790, November 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3448
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3448/full
     

Creating Defensible Space in the Wildland–Urban Interface: The Influence of Values on Perceptions and Behavior

We examined the effect that value orientation to forests and wildland fire management has on an individual’s decision to create defensible space around his or her residence in the wildland–urban interface. Using data from a mail-back questionnaire, respondents in north central Minnesota were clustered by basic value–laden beliefs toward forest and wildland fire management and compared across a number of perceptions and behaviors related to creating defensible space around residences. Value orientation groups differed in attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control toward creating defensible space. In addition, relative effects of these perceptions on intention to create defensible space differed across groups. Implications lie in (a) understanding differences in motivations and reasons for support of strategies for managing fires near the wildland–urban interface, (b) developing information designed to address the perspectives of different groups related to creating defensible space, and (c) contributing to an improved integration of land management and public concerns and interests.     

不同职业群体环保意识和环保行为特征分析——以沈阳市居民为例

采用问卷调查和数理统计方法,研究了不同职业群体沈阳市居民的环保意识和环保行为特征。结果表明,不同职业群体的沈阳市居民对环保知识、环保意识和环保行为方面普遍存在显著的差异,但在某些环保意识和环保行为方面不存在差异性。环保知识与环保意识之间具有非常显著的相关性,它们之间的偏相关系数较高;环保知识、环保意识与环保行为存在正相关性,也具有显著的相关性。     

节俭还是低碳——我国语境下居民低碳行为探讨

为了解低碳在我国居民中的推广程度,通过问卷法对南京市某社区居民进行实地调查。结果发现:大部分居民由于受节俭文化的影响往往将低碳当作节俭进行理解,表现在行为上就是节俭行为与低碳行为混杂。但从社会文化角度分析,节俭与低碳并不等同,两者既有区别又有联系。因此,在我国语境下推行低碳既要注意到节俭与低碳的区别,又要充分挖掘节俭文化中蕴含的低碳内容,促进低碳社会的构建。     

公众的主动型环保行为决策研究及发展探讨

自愿承担环保行为所产生相关成本的主动型环保行为对环境问题的长期持续改善有着重要意义。从主动型环保行为决策的内涵出发,根据现有研究的价值观、认知过程两大研究方向,分别就个体规范和环境自我认同,社会维度和时间维度介绍两种研究方向下的主动型环保行为决策研究现状,运用行为决策的研究方法,分析主动型环保行为决策的现有研究局限,亦希望为探索主动型环保行为决策的普适性决策理论拓展方向。     

Temporary alteration of local social structure in a threatened population of Cuban iguanas (Cyclura nubila)

In small, insular populations, behavioral patterns that lead to increased variance in individual reproductive success can accelerate loss of genetic variation. Over a 1-year period, we documented behavior and hormone levels in a breeding group of adult Cuban iguanas (Cyclura nubila) at Guantánamo Bay. Male dominance was associated with body and head size, display behavior, testosterone levels, home-range size, and proximity to females. Based on their success in agonistic encounters, we ranked males in a linear dominance hierarchy. During the subsequent breeding season, we conducted a removal experiment in which the five highest-ranking males were temporarily relocated from the study site. Although we were unable to assess reproductive success directly, previously lower-ranking males assumed control of vacated territories, won more fights, and increased their proximity to females in the absence of the dominant males. When it results in greater mating opportunities for otherwise socially suppressed individuals, temporary alteration of local social structure may help limit erosion of genetic variation in small, insular populations. Electronic Publication     

论灾害行为

本文从行为科学的知识出发,探讨了灾害行为及其特征;研究了人与灾害关系的行为特点。     

Combining motions into complex displays: playbacks with a robotic lizard

Complex displays composed of multiple, seemingly independent, units can result from sexual selection for increasingly variable, but redundant, displays and from potentially opposing selective pressures imposed by use of the display in multiple contexts. Our playback results support the latter, multireceiver hypothesis by confirming that two aspects of the sagebrush lizard headbob display (number of headbobs and use of display-specific body postures) are independently-meaningful components that are interpreted differently by different receivers. Male receivers use species-typical body postures to distinguish between aggressive and broadcast forms of the display, whereas female receivers are more attentive to the number of headbob motions, using these to distinguish male courtship from a challenge from a female competitor. Thus, display components are likely subject to different selective pressures and the display as a whole is evolving in response to a complex selective regime. Our example differs from other complex signals that have been considered in that both display elements involve dynamic motions (turned on and off by the display producer) as opposed to static signal elements (e.g., color, size). In addition, we found evidence that display structure is highly malleable, and that lizards both produce and respond to artificial displays that violate syntactic rules identified from field observations. Finally, our experiments demonstrate that a robotic lizard can be used effectively in playback studies of visual display behavior in lizards.Electronic Supplementary Material: S1. Movie clip of the robotic lizard producing a species-typical headbob display as in Fig. 1a.     

汽车经销商的绿色行为模式及其绩效评价研究

汽车经销商既是汽车销售者,也是提供汽车维修、保养和二手车翻新的服务商。本文以汽车经销商的绿色行为模式为研究对象,探讨经销商在日常运营过程中的绿色行为,根据相关的方法和理论指导,结合对汽车经销商绿色行为管理及绩效评估的实践,构建经销商的绿色绩效综合评价体系。主机厂可以根据评价结果,有针对性地制定提升经销商绿色度的方案。