区域开发生态影响评价方法及应用

建立一套系统的区域生态影响评价方法，对于区域环评和环境的可持续发展具有重要的意义。以济南舜湖社区区域开发为例，建立和应用由生态指标法、图形叠图法、景观生态学方法构成的方法体系，对舜湖社区区域开发生态环境影响进行了评价，并提出生态保护和建设的具体措施。结果表明，3者构成的方法体系，能较全面的反映生态环境质量现状，预测生态环境影响，有较为广泛的应用前景。     

环境微生态研究中的分子生物学新技术

随着分子生物学的发展,可用于环境微生态研究的新方法新手段不断出现.利用这些分子生物学技术,可直接对环境样品的总DNA进行分析,绕开菌株分离和培养瓶颈,可以最大限度地获得相关微生物的遗传信息,全面地分析环境中微生物的多样性.对目前广泛应用于环境微生态研究的分子生物学新技术,包括rDNA基因序列分析、变性梯度凝胶电泳、温度梯度凝胶电泳、单链构象多态性、限制性片段长度多态性、随机扩增多态性DNA、核酸杂交和DNA芯片等技术进行了综述.     

骆马湖富营养化和生态状况调查与评价

为了了解骆马湖水质状况，在2005年对骆马湖富营养化状态和生态特性进行了调查，并结合“十五”期间的监测资料进行了分析。2005年骆马湖水体中总氮和总磷的平均值超《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅲ类，超标情况分别为0．78倍和0．54倍，达到湖库特定项目Ⅳ类水标准，骆马湖处于轻度富营养化状态。对骆马湖生态特征分析表明，由于该湖泊的形态以及“藻型浊水状态”和“泥沙型浊水状态”交替出现，遏制了湖水从高营养盐含量向全面富营养化状态演变，保障了底栖动物的良好生长环境，从而形成了骆马湖独特的环境生态平衡。     

Small but smart: the interaction between environmental cues and internal state modulates host-patch exploitation in a parasitic wasp

The reproductive success of insect parasitoids depends on two activities, searching for hosts to obtain immediate fitness rewards (offspring) and searching for food to extend life span and enhance future reproductive opportunities. Models suggest that to deal with this trade-off and to cope with the variability of the resources they depend on, parasitoids should simultaneously integrate information originating from three distinct sources: host and food availabilities in the environment (environmental information) and the metabolic reserves of the parasitoid (internal information). We tested whether, in the parasitic wasp Venturia canescens, these three types of information are perceived simultaneously and interact during host-patch exploitation. Experiments were performed with strains originating from two different geographical locations and with individuals of the two reproductive modes, arrhenotoky and thelytoky. We hypothesised that there would be differences between modes of reproduction as they thrive in different ecological conditions. Our results show that metabolic state, food availability and the number of ovipositions performed simultaneously modulate patch residence time in V. canescens of both populations and reproductive modes. Unfed wasps left their host patch earlier than fed ones. The tendency to leave the patch increased with an increasing probability of finding food. Our study confirms that globally, each oviposition increases the patch-leaving tendency (decremental mechanism). This effect was modulated by both the metabolic reserves and food availability, and the relationship depended on the geographic origin of populations. Individuals of one of the populations switched from a decremental to an incremental patch-leaving mechanism depending on the presence or absence of food in the vicinity. Differences between reproductive modes in the responses to environmental cues can be explained by the different ecological conditions they live in.     

Persistence of Forest Birds in the Costa Rican Agricultural Countryside

Abstract:  Understanding the persistence mechanisms of tropical forest species in human-dominated landscapes is a fundamental challenge of tropical ecology and conservation. Many species, including more than half of Costa Rica's native land birds, use mostly deforested agricultural countryside, but how they do so is poorly known. Do they commute regularly to forest or can some species survive in this human-dominated landscape year-round? Using radiotelemetry, we detailed the habitat use, movement, foraging, and nesting patterns of three bird species, Catharus aurantiirostris , Tangara icterocephala , and Turdus assimilis , by obtaining 8101 locations from 156 individuals. We chose forest birds that varied in their vulnerability to deforestation and were representative of the species found both in forest and human-dominated landscapes. Our study species did not commute from extensive forest; rather, they fed and bred in the agricultural countryside. Nevertheless, T. icterocephala and T. assimilis , which are more habitat sensitive, were highly dependent on the remaining trees. Although trees constituted only 11% of land cover, these birds spent 69% to 85% of their time in them. Breeding success of C. aurantiirostris and T. icterocephala in deforested habitats was not different than in forest remnants, where T. assimilis experienced reduced breeding success. Although this suggests an ecological trap for T. assimilis , higher fledgling survival in forest remnants may make up for lower productivity. Tropical countryside has high potential conservation value, which can be enhanced with even modest increases in tree cover. Our findings have applicability to many human-dominated tropical areas that have the potential to conserve substantial biodiversity if appropriate restoration measures are taken.     

短柄五加濒危趋势和致濒因素的初步分析

研究了短柄五加种群致濒的因素和机制 .1)通过环境筛分析 ,认为短柄五加种群在 5～ 8a和 11～ 12a两个年龄阶段受到强烈的环境筛过滤作用 ,这两个阶段可能是濒危的关键阶段 .2 )通过对短柄五加种群生物量增长过程中关键因子的分析 ,确定了影响种群生物量的主导生境因子 ,主要是群落类型、群落郁闭度和坡度、坡向等 .影响种群增长的主导生境因子的脆弱性 ,增大了短柄五加种群濒危的趋势 .3)通过对短柄五加种子生态及生殖生态的初步分析 ,认为种群实生苗更新失败是短柄五加种群濒危的重要因素 .4)放牧、采挖和对次生落叶阔叶林的砍伐等人类活动 ,加快了短柄五加种群濒危的速度 .图 1表 3参 11     

我国水电可持续发展的理性思考

我国是世界水能资源最为丰富的国家,但目前开发利用率仅为21%。当前我国正处于全面建设小康社会的重要战略机遇期,能源需求量持续增长,水电开发迎来了前所未有的发展机遇,但也面临水库移民、生态环境等难题。在对水库的温室气体排放、大型水电是否属于可再生能源、水库移民及库区可持续发展等问题进行分析研究的基础上,应用经济学的外部性理论对水电项目进行了政策分析,认为国家在政策上应大力鼓励支持开发水电,同时要加强严格监管,使其担负起所应承担的社会责任,促进地方经济持续发展和社会全面进步,并提出了水电开发与经济、社会、环境协调发展模式。     

Ecological and ethological characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sylvia</Emphasis> warbler colonies in patchy habitats on the courland spit,Baltic Sea

Territorial and nesting behavior of Sylvia warblers in a patchy environment has been studied. The results show that shortage of nesting sites and consequent high population density result in acute social strain. Under such conditions, changes are observed in species-specific forms of this behavior, which provide for the maximum possible realization of individual reproductive potential.     

喀斯特石漠化及其景观生态学研究展望

喀斯特石漠化是广泛分布于我国西南喀斯特地区的一种生态灾害,近30年来其扩展速度明显加快,严重制约了我国西南地区的经济发展和生态质量的提高。首先从概念、成因及防治等方面探讨了目前喀斯特石漠化的研究现状,并指出石漠化研究中的不足,主要表现为研究内容较片面,缺乏定量研究,标准不统一和缺乏景观水平上的研究。景观生态学有其特有的理论优势和方法体系,若利用景观生态学的理论和研究方法来研究石漠化,可以解决目前石漠化研究中的某些相关问题。最后,在此基础上,从景观生态学的角度出发,展望了喀斯特石漠化未来研究的4个方向,即景观格局变化、景观异质性及其分区、石漠化过程空间动态模拟和生物多样性.     

江苏省能源负荷控制途径研究

江苏省2010年、2015年和2020年的能源负荷预测结果表明,在江苏省经济维持GDP年递增率10％的高速发展条件下．必须使单位GDP能源消耗年降低率接近或不小于9．09％,才能成功降低江苏的能源负荷。为此提出以生态工业的理论为指导,从转变节能的工程意识、着重开展技术节能、发展提升产业集群、开展工业系统代谢过程模拟技术研究、发展循环经济实现产品生命周期节能等5个方面分析,以达到节能工作模式和思路根本转变,并提出了江苏省节能降耗的具体实施途径。