土壤—植物系统中的镉研究进展

镉是土壤-植物系统中毒性最强的重金属之一，由镉产生的环境污染问题也日趋严重。近20年来，世界各国对镉在土壤-植物系统中的形态、转化、分布和毒害机理等都进行了广泛深入的研究本文对这些研究取得的成果和存在的分歧进行了综合评述，并提出对镉污染土壤进行综合治理的措施．     

景观生态学在公路景观环境评价中的应用

公路景观环境评价研究是我国公路建设中的新课题，景观生态学的发展为公路景观环境评价研究提供了新理论、方法和技术手段。分析了景观生态学研究内容、方法特点，提出了从景观生态价值、美学质量、视觉容量和景观安全格局4个方面对公路景观环境进行评价，并探讨了具体评价过程，该思想对公路战略环境评价和环境影响后评价也具有启示意义。     

城市绿地对空气负离子的影响

在南昌市选择有典型特征的城市绿地,对其在不同环境状况下的空气正、负离子浓度进行监测。研究结果表明:(1)城市绿地能有效提高空气负离子数量;(2)乔、灌、草3种不同类型的绿地中,以乔木林对提高空气负离子浓度和改善空气质量的作用最为显著;(3)在城市环境下,不同林分结构类型的乔木片林对空气负离子水平以及空气质量指数(CI)的影响差异不显著;(4)天气条件对绿地的空气负离子水平存在显著影响;(5)喷泉对空气负离子有显著影响。喷泉周围空气负离子浓度节律性振荡周期与喷泉的喷水变化周期相吻合。喷泉对空气负离子浓度以及CI的影响随着距离的增加而迅速减小。     

Impacts of de-icing salt pollution on urban road greenspace: a case study of Beijing

De-icing salt contamination of urban soil and greenspace has been a common issue of concern in many countries for years. In the 2009/2010 winter, Beijing experienced a contamination accident resulting from the overuse of deicing salt, reported as almost 30000 tons, which severely damaged urban vegetation alongside roadways. The methods of sampling and rating for both soil contamination and response of the plant populations were developed to rapidly assess this emergency environmental event. Results showed that the shrubs were more severely damaged than the arbors in terms of both degree and extent, as almost all of the surveyed shrubs were severely damaged from the salt contamination, while only about 1/4 of the recorded arbors were rated as ＂severely injured＂ according to the integral plant injury index. The rating of the injury level showed that the trees like Pinus bungeana, Sophora japonica, and the shrubs like Euonymus japonicus, Sabina vulgaris showed less tolerance to de-icing salt pollution. The patterns of vegetation damage demonstrated that the ever-green shrubs alongside roads and the deciduous arbors in the center of roads were most vulnerable to the salt damage.     

青海高原土壤拮抗性放线菌的生态分布

采用琼脂块法测定了分离自青海高原不同生态环境下的 1 007株代表性放线菌的拮抗性.结果表明:①供试菌中对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、假丝酵母、青霉、辣椒疫霉、西瓜枯萎菌、棉花枯萎菌及黄瓜枯萎菌有拮抗性的放线菌占供试菌总数的比率分别为 9. 1%、27. 2%、2. 1%、2. 6%、13. 8%、10. 1%、7. 1%及 7. 4%;在青海高原(西部)土壤的拮抗性放线菌中,抗细菌放线菌多于抗真菌放线菌,抗G+细菌的放线菌多于抗G-细菌放线菌,抗丝状真菌放线菌多于抗单细胞真菌放线菌.②耕作土壤中,拮抗性放线菌株数占放线菌总株数的百分率 (拮抗菌百分率 )是自然土壤的3. 5倍,且耕作土壤拮抗菌百分率按菜地(71. 7% ) >粮田(40. 6% ) >绿肥地(32. 8% ) >果园(25. 0% )的顺序排列.旱地土壤拮抗菌百分率明显高于水地.③不同类型土壤拮抗菌百分率均不同,且不同类型土壤拮抗菌百分率按黑钙土>栗钙土>灰钙土>砂土的顺序排列.④拮抗性放线菌的数量、拮抗菌百分率与土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷及磷酸酶活性有关.其中有机质和全氮与拮抗性放线菌株数和拮抗菌百分率的相关性达极显著水平 (P<0. 01).抗细菌与抗真菌拮抗性放线菌的出现频率与土壤有机质、全氮及放线菌总数量的相关性分别达到了极显著(P<0. 01)与显著水平(P<0. 05),且土     

论生态环境用水与生态环境需水的区别与计算问题

针对生态环境用水与生态环境需水概念和计算中存在的问题，从生态与环境概念分析入手，对生态环境用水、生态环境需水的概念进行界定和区分，对其内涵和计算关键问题进行评述。文章认为生态环境用水与生态环境需水既有区别又有联系，生态环境用水是其“实际用水”之意，生态环境需水是其“需求水”之意，生态环境需水是生态环境达到某一水平时的“用水量”。文章还介绍了生态环境用（需）水的分类及计算方法，指出生态环境用（需）水计算的两个关键问题，即尺度问题和阈值问题，认为生态环境用（需）水总量不是分类或分区生态环境用（需）水量的简单相加；提出了“基于水循环模拟的生态环境用（需）水量计算方法”的初步思想。     

北京市妫水河流域景观生态学分析

基于GIS的空间分析平台,以景观生态学的方法建模,分析了北京市妫水河流域的景观格局特征,并与妫水河平原的景观格局特征进行了比较,发现在妫水河平原范围内,由于人为干扰程度的加剧,整体生态格局的异质性下降、碎裂化增加,景观生态格局的稳定性和安全性比之妫水河流域有所下降.分析了妫水河流域面临的问题及其原因,进而提出妫水河流域生态恢复的建议和措施.     

Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenol,pentachlorophenol and vegetation on microbial characteristics in a heavy metal polluted soil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the soil microbial characteristics in historically heavy-metal polluted soil, which was also affected by organic co-contaminants, 2,4-dichlorophenol or pentachlorophenol, which often occur due to the conventional use of pesticides. It was observed that the normalized microbial biomass (microbial biomass per unit soil organic C) of the contaminated soil was very low, less than 1% in both non-planted and ryegrass planted soil, and showed a decreasing trend with the treatment of organic co-contaminants. The microbial biomass and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) in the ryegrass planted soil were much larger, as compared with the non-planted soil with or without organic pollutants. The different resistant bacterial community and its physiological diversity in the rhizosphere further suggested that the effect of vegetation on microbial activity was not just a general increase in the mass or activity of pre-existing microorganisms, but rather acted selectively on microbial growth so that the relative abundance of different microbial groups in soil was changed. In sum, high concentrations of organic co-contaminants, especially pentachlorophenol (PCP), could strengthen the deterioration of microbial ecology. The adverse effect of heavy metal-organic pollutants on the soil microbial biomass and activity might be the reason for the slow degradation of PCP that has high chlorinated and high toxicity. Vegetation might be the efficient way to assist in improving and restoring the utilization of agricultural ecosystems. The beneficial microbial effect of vegetation could cause the rapid dissipation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) that has less chlorinated and less toxicity in the planted soils.     

淮河水系淮南段椎实螺类(Lymnaeidae)生态学研究

于2004年春季（4月）和秋季（9月），分别对淮河水系淮南段不同环境条件下的10个站点椎实螺类的种类和分布特征进行了调查，共鉴定出椎实螺类5种，其中萝卜螺属4种，土蜗属1种，耳萝卜螺为优势种；全流域平均密度和生物量，春季为227．7Ind.／m^2。和175．50g／m^2，秋季为100．2Ind．／m^2和88．85g／m^2．工业污染较重的站点（D、F、I）椎实螺类的群落结构趋于简化，而流域底质生境异质性的站点（E、H）螺类种数呈现多样性．图1表2参16     

完善我国流域生态补偿制度的思考——以东江流域为例

上下游对流域生态资源保护做出的贡献与生态利益享有的不平等导致区域间社会经济差距的扩大,需要通过生态补偿制度的建立和完善来实现区域统筹和谐发展,但我国现行生态补偿制度由于行政区界限制、相关法规建设不完善、补偿方式较单一、补偿标准测算困难等原因面临不少问题和困境。以东江流域现行生态补偿措施为视点,分析了当前生态补偿研究实践中存在的问题;进而以此为基点根据流域生态系统的连贯性与人类政治结构分割性之间的矛盾进行反思,提出打破流域行政区界限制,统筹构建流域“生态共同体”的理念;并在此理念指导下,提出采取“政府主导、市场运作”策略。即在明确界定流域范围后,首先由“政府主导”开展全流域综合规划、建立和完善省内流域统管机制、跨省流域生态共享共建统筹协商机制;其次以水质水量、出售许可交易权方式测算“生态共同体”之间核算补偿资金,并结合“市场运作”实施多样化并进补偿方式;同时建立流域生态补偿奖惩制度并将其纳入“生态共同体”干部绩效考核体系,构建流域补偿的长效机制,完善我国流域生态补偿制度。