Evolving Expectations of Dam Removal Outcomes: Downstream Geomorphic Effects Following Removal of a Small,Gravel‐Filled Dam1

Kibler, Kelly, Desiree Tullos, and Mathias Kondolf, 2011. Evolving Expectations of Dam Removal Outcomes: Downstream Geomorphic Effects Following Removal of a Small, Gravel‐Filled Dam. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00523.x Abstract: Dam removal is a promising river restoration technique, particularly for the vast number of rivers impounded by small dams that no longer fulfill their intended function. As the decommissioning of small dams becomes increasingly commonplace in the future, it is essential that decisions regarding how and when to remove these structures are informed by appropriate conceptual ideas outlining potential outcomes. To refine predictions, it is necessary to utilize information from ongoing dam removal monitoring to evolve predictive tools, including conceptual models. Following removal of the Brownsville Dam from the Calapooia River, Oregon, aquatic habitats directly below the dam became more heterogeneous over the short term, whereas changes further downstream were virtually undetectable. One year after dam removal, substrates of bars and riffles within 400 m downstream of the dam coarsened and a dominance of gravel and cobble sediments replaced previously hardpan substrate. New bars formed and existing bars grew such that bar area and volume increased substantially, and a pool‐riffle structure formed where plane‐bed glide formations had previously dominated. As the Brownsville Dam stored coarse rather than fine sediments, outcomes following removal differ from results of many prior dam removal studies. Therefore, we propose a refined conceptual model describing downstream geomorphic processes following small dam removal when upstream fill is dominated by coarse sediments.     

大亚湾和四十里湾附近海域表层沉积物中无机碳形态研究

采用连续浸取法对位于亚热带的大亚湾和温带的四十里湾附近海域的表层沉积物样品中无机碳的赋存形态进行了研究,将无机碳分为可交换态（NaCl相）、弱碱浸取态（NH.3H2O相）、强碱浸取态（NaOH相）、弱酸浸取态（NH2OH.HCl相）和残渣态,测定了相关地球化学参数粒度组成和总有机碳（TOC）.结果表明,NH2OH.HC...     

引黄水库沉沙条渠沉积物的组成及理化特征

研究了济南市引黄供水鹊山水库沉沙条渠6个地理位置泥沙沉积物的组成及理化特征,并分析了沉积物的组成及理化特征参数间的相关性.结果表明,沉沙条渠内的泥沙沉积物在组成成分上与黄河沉积物基本相同,但含量及理化性质上有一定的差异.泥沙沉积物颗粒主要以粘粒、粉砂和细砂粒为主,颗粒粒度分布在0.3—125μm之间;沉积物的矿物主要由...     

基于pH值调控的沉积型微生物燃料电池（SMFC）运行特性

以蓝藻发酵液为处理对象,分别研究两极区pH值对沉积型微生物燃料电池（Sediment Microbial FuelCell,SMFC）运行特性的影响.结果表明,阳极碱性（pH=8.5）阴极酸性（pH=5.5）时,SMFC输出功率最高（83.55 mW·m-2）,COD去除率（63%）仅次于阴、阳极中性（阴、阳极pH值均...     

典型多环芳烃在红树林沉积物上的吸附特性及影响因素

采用批量平衡实验,研究了九龙江口红树林沉积物对典型多环芳烃（PAHs）萘（Nap）、蒽（Ant）和苯并[a]芘（BaP）的吸附特性,以及温度、盐度及沉积物不同尺寸团聚体对吸附的影响．结果表明,3种PAHs在沉积物上的吸附分为快速吸附和慢速吸附两个阶段;Freundlich模型能较好地描述其吸附行为,吸附呈非线性;沉积物...     

Extraction of labile metals from solid media by dilute hydrochloric acid

Extraction of labile metals from solid media is environmentally more meaningful than a total digestion. A variety of reagents have been introduced in the literature, but dilute HCl has received the greatest attention. We compare metal concentrations liberated by a dilute HCl leach with the sum of the 3-step optimized (standardized) BCR sequential extraction procedure. This is the first study to compare these procedures over a range of grain sizes. Road-deposited sediments from 10 sites in Honolulu were fractionated into six grain size classes. Aliquots of individual fractions were digested with dilute HCl, the 3-step BCR procedure (‘labile’), and a 4-acid (total) procedure. Results indicated that the weighted labile concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were statistically greater than those from the dilute HCl leach. However, regression analysis indicated strong statistically significant relationships between the two partial extraction procedures for all metals. On a whole-sample basis, the toxicity classifications for anthropogenic-enhanced metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) were similar between extractions. Taken together, results suggest that the application of dilute HCl to solid media provides a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally meaningful approach for contaminant monitoring.     

Nutrient dynamics between sediment and overlying water in the inner part of Izmir Bay, Eastern Aegean

In this article a concept is described in order to predict and map the occurrence of benthic communities within and near the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the North Sea. The approach consists of two work steps: (1) geostatistical analysis of abiotic measurement data and (2) calculation of benthic provinces by means of Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and GIS-techniques. From bottom water measurements on salinity, temperature, silicate and nutrients as well as from punctual data on grain size ranges (0–20, 20–63, 63–2,000 μ) raster maps were calculated by use of geostatistical methods. At first the autocorrelation structure was examined and modelled with help of variogram analysis. The resulting variogram models were then used to calculate raster maps by applying ordinary kriging procedures. After intersecting these raster maps with punctual data on eight benthic communities a decision tree was derived to predict the occurrence of these communities within the study area. Since such a CART tree corresponds to a hierarchically ordered set of decision rules it was applied to the geostatistically estimated raster data to predict benthic habitats within and near the EEZ.     

黄河口潮间带表层沉积物重金属和营养元素的分布特征

于2010年5月采集了5个断面的黄河口潮间带高、中和低潮滩的表层沉积物样品,对沉积物的理化性质、重金属和营养元素的空间分布特征进行了研究,并采用单因子污染指数法和综合潜在生态风险指数法,参考加拿大安大略省环境和能源部关于沉积物质量指南,对黄河口潮间带沉积物质量进行了评价。结果表明,除Cu和Pb外,其它重金属和营养元素质量分数均表现为河口北侧高于南侧;除Hg外,高、中和低潮滩的表层沉积物重金属和营养元素质量分数无显著差异,没有表现出成熟潮滩明显的垂岸分带特征。Pb质量分数高于渤海表层沉积物的高值,是该区域的首要污染因子;Hg在河口北侧近河口的两个站位低潮滩质量分数达到海洋沉积物质量一类标准的1.7和1.8倍,存在一定的潜在生态风险;TN和TOC质量分数范围在安全级别,TP质量分数在20%的站位超过最低安全级别,存在一定的安全风险。与国内其它潮滩相比,黄河口潮间带重金属Zn、Cd、Hg和As的质量分数处于较低水平,Cu和Pb质量分数处于中等水平,TOC和TP质量分数与长江口潮间带相当,TN质量分数较低。研究结果将为黄河三角洲地区生态保护、环境管理和污染治理提供基础数据。     

微波辅助萃取法提取滇池沉积物中的多氯联苯

研究运用微波辅助萃取-固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱检测滇池沉积物中6种指示性多氯联苯（PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB138、PCB153和PCB180）.重点优化了微波辅助萃取技术,在萃取温度为100℃和萃取时间为30 min（升温和恒温各15 min）条件下,以30 mL正己烷∶二氯甲烷（1∶1,V∶V）的...     

贵屿电子垃圾处理对河流底泥及土壤重金属污染

以广东省汕头市贵屿镇电子垃圾处理场为对象,主要研究了电子垃圾场附近河流的底泥和农田土壤中重金属形态分布特征。结果表明,底泥中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn质量分数分别为52.9-67.1、309-359、79.2-1485、391-449、37.5-111 mg.kg^-1;土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的平均质量分数分别是54.1-57.1、278-320、93.5-116、382-415、46.2-68.1 mg.kg^-1。底泥和土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb均超过《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618—1995）二级标准,其中以Cd和Cu污染最为严重。底泥及土壤中重金属的地球化学形态分布规律基本一致。重金属具有较高迁移性,重金属的迁移性为Cd〉Cr〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu。