滇池疏浚底泥中重金属对蔬菜种植生态安全的影响

滇池疏浚底泥富含蔬菜需求的营养成分,农用可提高土壤保水肥能力,改良土壤的适耕性,有利于植物的生长发育,有一定的增产效果,但可能存在重金属污染问题。通过底泥试验及加入石灰钝化试验,对生菜、白菜、棒菜和萝卜4种蔬菜施用疏浚底泥作为有机肥进行种植,分析底泥农用后其重金属对蔬菜的影响,并进行风险评价。结果表明,盆栽试验中,底泥施用量控制在5%(0.05 kg/kg)内且加入石灰改良后,蔬菜中Cu和Cd含量显著降低,但对Pb、Zn效果不明显。叶菜类蔬菜(生菜、白菜、棒菜)重金属富集能力(BCF)从大到小均表现为Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu,而块茎类萝卜BCF表现为Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu。研究表明,化学致癌物Cd与非化学致癌物Pb、Zn、Cu引起的健康风险均在终身可接受风险水平。     

舟山潮差带海相沉积物的物理和化学特征

为舟山潮差带海相沉积物固结机理的深入研究提供物质基础,采用激光粒度仪分析了海相沉积物的粒度组成,并测试了海相沉积物的化学元素、化合物种类及其相对含量,还使用X-射线衍射技术分析了海相沉物的矿物组成。结果表明:海相沉积物含水率高、初始孔隙比大、呈流塑状,为低液限粉质黏土;活性指数为12.4,属于活动黏性土,矿物的亲水性较好;全盐含量高达9~11.2 g/kg,阳离子交换能力不强,有机质含量(5.82~12.7 g/kg)较高;pH 值为7.35~8.36,呈弱碱性,加上孔隙水中K+ ,Na+ ,Ca2+ ,Mg2+ 的存在,使得高岭石常不稳定,有向伊利石、蒙脱石或绿泥石转化的趋势。     

Impact of Climate and Land Use Change on Streamflow and Sediment Yield in a Snow‐Dominated Semiarid Mountainous Watershed

This study investigates the impact of climate and land use change on the magnitude and timing of streamflow and sediment yield in a snow‐dominated mountainous watershed in Salt Lake County, Utah using a scenario approach and the Hydrological Simulation Program — FORTRAN model for the 2040s (year 2035–2044) and 2090s (year 2085–2094). The climate scenarios were statistically and dynamically downscaled from global climate models. Land use and land cover (LULC) changes were estimated in two ways — from a regional planning scenario and from a deterministic model. Results indicate the mean daily streamflow in the Jordan River watershed will increase by an amount ranging from 11.2% to 14.5% in the 2040s and from 6.8% to 15.3% in the 2090s. The respective increases in sediment load in the 2040s and 2090s is projected to be 6.7% and 39.7% in the canyons and about 7.4% to 14.2% in the Jordan valley. The historical 50th percentile timing of streamflow and sediment load is projected to be shifted earlier by three to four weeks by mid‐century and four to eight weeks by late‐century. The projected streamflow and sediment load results establish a nonlinear relationship with each other and are highly sensitive to projected climate change. The predicted changes in streamflow and sediment yield will have implications for water supply, flood control and stormwater management.     

Road Erosion and Delivery Index (READI): A Model for Evaluating Unpaved Road Erosion and Stream Sediment Delivery

The Road Erosion and Delivery Index (READI) is a new geographic information system–based model to assess erosion and delivery of water and sediment from unpaved road networks to streams. READI quantifies the effectiveness of existing road surfacing and drain placements in reducing road sediment delivery and guides upgrades to optimize future reductions. Roads are draped on a digital elevation model and parsed into hydrologically distinct segments. Segments are further divided by engineered drainage structures. For each segment, a kinematic wave approximation generates runoff hydrographs for specified storms, with discharge directly to streams at road–stream crossings and onto overland‐flow plumes at other discharge points. Plumes are attenuated by soil infiltration, which limits their length, with delivery occurring if plumes intersect streams. Sediment production and sediment delivery can be calculated as a relative dimensionless index. READI predicts only a small proportion of new drains and new surfacing results in the majority of sediment delivery reductions. The model illustrates how the spatial relationships between road and stream networks, controlled by topography and network geometries, influence patterns of road–stream connectivity. READI was applied in seven northern California basins. The model was also applied in a recent burn area to examine how reduced hillslope infiltration can result in increased hydrologic connectivity and sediment delivery.     

华阳河湖群沉积物内源磷释放风险及控制策略

为研究沉积物内源磷释放对浅水湖泊水体总磷的影响,以华阳河湖群为对象,根据不同季节全湖水质监测数据,分析总磷的空间和季节性分布特征;结合沉积物间隙水磷浓度数据,采用浓度梯度扩散模型估算湖泊沉积物内源磷静态释放量;基于2019年在线水质监测站连续数据,分析典型沉积物再悬浮过程内源磷释放对水体总磷贡献及估算其年累积释放量.结果表明:①华阳河湖群现场监测总磷浓度变化范围为0.014~0.297 mg/L,龙感湖与黄大湖总磷浓度空间变幅大于泊湖;②典型再悬浮过程中内源磷动态释放对水体总磷的贡献可达75%,华阳河湖群内源磷的年释放量在1.129×104~1.684×104 t之间;③静态的内源磷年释放量为12.92 t,仅占动态释放量0.1%.研究显示:华阳河湖群总磷浓度时空差异较大,内源磷释放对总磷短期波动具有重要作用,静态释放量对全年内源磷释放量的贡献几乎可以忽略;严格控制入湖营养盐通量的同时,恢复草型湖泊生态系统以控制内源释放已成为解决华阳河湖群水环境问题的重要管理决策方向.      

巴松措表层沉积物中腐殖酸与富里酸的特性

采用紫外吸收光谱和GC-MS扫描解析,对西藏东南部湖泊巴松措表层沉积物中的腐殖酸和富里酸特性进行研究.结果表明,巴松措表层沉积物中腐殖酸和富里酸的紫外吸光度在200~400nm间较400~800nm间明显增加,富里酸在270nm附近出现弱而钝的双肩吸收,表明其中存在芳香环结构.腐殖酸和富里酸在254nm处的吸光度普遍偏低,表明其中难降解有机物的含量较低.通过紫外吸收特征值（A₄₆₅/A₆₆₅）分析得出,巴松措表层沉积物腐殖酸和富里酸的腐殖化程度较低.在人类活动频繁的区域,腐殖酸和富里酸的腐殖化程度相对于其他区域较高.根据GC-MS扫描解析,匹配度较高物质的分子式为C₁₅H₂₄,分子量为204,其结构中都含有芳香环,且含有脂肪链、不饱和烃、甲基、亚甲基、异丙基、环丙烷、己烷和萘等结构,均属于芳香族化合物,与紫外吸收光谱的分析结果一致.匹配度较高的物质推断属于类色氨酸.     

砷在昂曲沉积物中吸附解吸的影响因素研究

水环境条件的改变会影响沉积物对砷（As）的吸附解吸行为,进而影响砷在水环境中的迁移和转化.本实验以西藏昌都昂曲表层沉积物为研究对象,通过正交试验,考察pH、转速、溶解氧（DO）、Fe/Mn含量、沉积物/水比例、温度、粒径及As含量对沉积物吸附解吸As的影响.研究结果表明：①沉积物对砷的吸附量随着初始As含量、Fe/Mn含量和pH值的升高而增大,随着颗粒物浓度的升高而减小;不同粒径的沉积物对砷的吸附主要与沉积物中的有机质含量有关,粒径为63~250 μm的沉积物有机质含量最高（3.13 g·kg^-1）,平均吸附量最大（517.28 mg·kg^-1）.②不同粒径沉积物的解吸量与其砷含量和有机质含量有关,砷含量越高,有机质含量越少,砷的解吸量越大.砷的解吸量与转速和温度呈正相关,与pH、DO和颗粒物浓度呈负相关.③Langmuir模型对吸附等温线的拟合效果好于Freundlich模型,沉积物对砷的吸附存在明显的固体浓度效应.     

污水处理厂对漓江桂林市区河段淡水生物中微塑料累积的影响

微塑料（粒径<5 mm）作为一种新型污染物近年来引起广泛关注.本文通过收集污水处理厂尾水、污水处理厂在漓江支流桃花江的排口（S1）、桃花江和漓江干流的汇合处（S2）和支流汇合处的下游（S3）的表层水体、沉积物以及4种典型淡水生物样品,研究了污水处理厂尾水排放对淡水生物体内微塑料污染特征和空间分布的影响.结果表明,淡水生物中微塑料的检出率为94.2%.污水处理厂在漓江支流桃花江的排口S1（2.7 n ·ind^-1）淡水生物中的微塑料平均丰度显著高于排放口下游的漓江干流桂林市区河段S3（1.9 n ·ind^-1,P<0.05）.S1和S3生物体中的微塑料粒径均以<0.10 mm为主,占比分别为46.0%和30.5%.生物体中的微塑料仅有纤维一种类型,S1中主要的聚合物类型为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,S3生物中主要的聚合物类型为聚丙烯.污水处理厂尾水排放在一定程度上影响了淡水生物中微塑料累积.     

人类活动对河流沉积物中反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌群落特征的影响

河流生态系统是陆地生态系统输出营养盐和有机质的主要接收器,是水-气界面CO2和CH4全球碳循环的重要环节.人类活动导致大量未经处理的硝酸盐和有机物质汇入河流,影响了N-DAMO(N-DAMO,Nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化菌)细菌的群落特征.本文选取北运河作为研究区域,通过对比分析北运河中游和下游沉积物理化参数和N-DAMO细菌群落特征的差异性,探究由于人类活动的影响,河流沉积物中N-DAMO细菌的群落组成结构特征,及其与沉积物中NH+4-N、NO-3-N的响应关系.结果表明,北运河沉积物中NH+4-N为中游和下游氮素的主要形态,且下游NH+4-N浓度显著高于中游;人类活动对N-DAMO细菌16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因群落分布有影响,16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因均分别聚为中游和下游两类;系统发育树分析显示,人类活动影响北运河N-DAMO细菌高同源性菌群的来源,其高同源性菌群来源与北运河主要污染物氨氮的来源一致;RDA分析显示,人类活动影响N-DAMO细菌相关环境因子,沉积物中高浓度的NH+4-N、NO-3-N与16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因有显著的响应关系.沉积物N-DAMO细菌16S rRNA和pmo A功能基因的共生关系分析显示,北运河下游沉积物中N-DAMO细菌彼此之间的共存关系更强,细菌群落形成的模块化程度较高,其对环境变化的敏感程度更高,受人类活动的影响更大.     

蓄水前后三峡库区香溪河沉积物磷形态分布特征及释放通量估算

三峡库区汛末蓄水过程改变了支流库湾沉积物赋存环境,继而影响沉积物磷形态的分布特征和沉积物-水界面过程.本文通过对2016年8月(蓄水前)和10月(蓄水后)香溪河库湾沉积物和上覆水样品的采集分析,分析了蓄水前后库区干流和支流库湾底部沉积物磷形态分布特征及赋存的环境条件,估算了沉积物-水界面PO3-4-P交换通量.结果表明:蓄水后沉积物上覆水pH增加,碱性增强;Eh减少,还原性增强.沉积物中各形态磷相对含量由Na OH-PHCl-POP转变为HCl-POPNa OH-P,沉积环境的改变是磷形态变化的根本原因.沉积物中TP增加了1.3倍,上覆水ρ(PO3-4-P)是蓄水前3.7倍,间隙水ρ(PO3-4-P)是蓄水前8.3倍,增加了香溪河库湾沉积物营养盐释放风险.蓄水前后香溪河沉积物PO3-4-P总体均表现为"源",但PO3-4-P扩散通量由蓄水前的-0.002 9~0.005 9 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1)增加为蓄水后的0.006 7~0.107 1 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),蓄水后香溪河库湾底部沉积物磷释放量增加.