Sorption of cadmium and zinc from aqueous solutions by zeolite 4A, zeolite 13X and bentonite

The sorption and desorption of cadmium and zinc on zeolite 4A, zeolite 13X and bentonite has been studied using batch sorption studies. Parameters such as equilibrium time, effect of pH and sorbent dose were studied. The sorbents exhibited good sorption potential for cadmium and zinc with a peak value at pH 6.0 and 6.5, respectively. The sorption followed the Freundlich sorption model. More than 70% sorption occurred within 20 min and equilibrium was attained at around 90 min for the three sorbents. The metals sorption by zeolite 4A was higher than that by zeolite 13X and bentonite. The desorption studies were carried out using NaCl solution and the effect of NaCl concentration on desorption was also studied. Maximum desorption of 76% for cadmium and 80% for zinc occurred with 10% NaCl.     

Remediation of metal contaminated soil with mineral-amended composts

This study examined the use of two composts derived from green waste and sewage sludge, amended with minerals (clinoptilolite or bentonite), for the remediation of metal-contaminated brownfield sites to transform them into greenspace. Soils contaminated with high or low levels of metals were mixed with the mineral-enhanced composts at different ratios and assessed by leaching tests, biomass production and metal accumulation of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The results showed that the green waste compost reduced the leaching of Cd and Zn up to 48% whereas the composted sewage sludge doubled the leachate concentration of Zn. However, the same soil amended with composted sewage sludge showed an efficient reduction in plant concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb or Zn by up to 80%. The results suggest that metal immobilisation and bioavailability are governed by the formation of complexes between the metals and organic matter. The amendment with minerals had only limited effects.     

The influence of colloid formation in a granite groundwater bentonite porewater mixing zone on radionuclide speciation

In the context of deep geological storage of high level nuclear waste the repository will be designed as multiple barrier system including bentonite as buffer/backfill material and the host rock formation as geological barrier. The engineered barrier (bentonite) will be in contact with the host rock formation and consequently it can be expected that bentonite porewater will mix with formation groundwater. We simulate in this study the mixing of Grimsel groundwater (glacial melt water) with synthetic Febex porewater (assuming already saturated state) in a batch-type study and investigate the formation of colloids by laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) and SEM-EDX as well as the changes in radionuclide (U, Th, Eu) speciation via ultrafiltration or via time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) analysis in the case of Cm(III). Based on PHREEQC saturation index (SI) calculations a precipitation of calcite might be expected at low Febex porewater (FPW) content (< 20%), fluorite precipitation at FPW contents < 60% and gibbsite precipitation at FPW contents above 10%. The colloids generated in the mixing zone aggregate when the synthetic FPW content exceeds 10%. LIBD analysis of the time-dependent colloid generation/aggregation revealed a low concentration of colloids to be stable with an estimated plateau value around 100–200 ppt and an average colloid diameter around 30 nm after 140 days reaction time at FPW admixture > 10%. SEM/EDX mostly identifies Al/Si containing colloidal phases and some sulfates could be found under certain admixture ratios. TRLFS studies show that the Cm speciation is strongly influenced by colloid formation in all solutions. In the Febex pore water/GGW mixing zone with high groundwater contents (> 80%) colloids are newly formed and Cm is almost quantitatively associated with most likely polysilicilic acid colloids.     

A two stage batch adsorber design for methylene blue removal to minimize contact time

The adsorption of methylene blue onto bentonite in a batch adsorber has been studied. Three kinetic models, the intraparticle diffusion equation and the pseudo first and second order equations, were selected to follow the adsorption process. Kinetic parameters, rate constants, equilibrium adsorption capacities and related correlation coefficients for each kinetic model were calculated and discussed. It was shown that the adsorption of methylene blue onto bentonite could be described by the pseudo second order equation. Adsorption of methylene blue onto bentonite followed the Langmuir isotherm. A model has been developed for the design of a two stage batch adsorber based on pseudo second order adsorption kinetics. The model has been optimized with respect to operating time in order to minimize total contact time to achieve a specified amount of methylene blue removal using a fixed mass of adsorbent. The results of two stage batch adsorber design studies showed that the required times for specified amounts of methylene blue removal significantly decreased. This design is particularly suitable for low-cost adsorbents/adsorption systems when minimising contact time is a major operational and design criterion and a significant volume of effluent needs to be treated in the minimum amount of time.     

膨润土吸附剂对水中酚吸附性能研究

讨了用羟基铝、硫酸处理过的膨润土对水中酚的吸附性能．试验结果表明：酚径膨润土吸附剂吸附后，其去除率为７３．８８％，处理水再经活性炭吸附，酚去除率可达９９．８％、降至０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ以下．     

膨润土对Pb2+的吸附性能及影响吸附的主要因素

探讨了天然膨润土对Ｐｂ＾２＋的吸附性能及其主要影响因素，天然膨润土对Ｐｂ＾２＋的吸附能力很强，当Ｐｂ＾２＋的浓度小于２０ｍｇ／Ｌ时，去除率可达９９％以上，吸附受溶液ＰＨ、吸附剂用量以及振荡时间的影响，但溶液中存在的有机污染物不影响膨润土对Ｐｂ＾２＋的吸附。     

膨润土粘土矿吸附重金属的研究

本文研究了膨润土粘土矿吸附溶液中重金属离子的能力。实验结果表明,在相同的条件下膨润土吸附溶液中重金属离子的次序是:Cu>Zn>Ni>Cd。吸附重金属后的膨润土可用NH_4~+溶液进行解吸。本文提出利用较廉价的天然膨润土粘土矿作为离子交换剂来处理含重金属离子的工业废水。     

膨润土改性及其在分散大红溶液脱色处理中的应用

采用新型无机—有机改性方法，对浙江临安膨润土进行改性，有效地将双长链阳离子表面活性剂引入膨润土层间，从而提高了有机膨润土的亲油性和对废水中有机污染物的吸附能力。     

Removal of Fe(II) from the wastewater of a galvanized pipe manufacturing industry by adsorption onto bentonite clay

Bentonite clay has been used for the adsorption of Fe(II) from aqueous solutions over a concentration range of 80-200 mg/l, shaking time of 1-60 min, adsorbent dosage from 0.02 to 2 g and pH of 3. The process of uptake follows both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and also the first-order kinetics. The maximum removal (>98%) was observed at pH of 3 with initial concentration of 100 mg/l and 0.5 g of bentonite. The efficiency of Fe(II) removal was also tested using wastewater from a galvanized pipe manufacturing industry. More than 90% of Fe(II) can be effectively removed from the wastewater by using 2.0 g of the bentonite. The effect of cations (i.e. zinc, manganese, lead, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, chromium and copper) on the removal of Fe(II) was studied in the concentration range of 10-500 mg/l. All the added cations reduced the adsorption of Fe(II) at high concentrations except Zn. Column studies have also been carried out using a certain concentration of wastewater. More than 99% recovery has been achieved by using 5 g of the bentonite with 3M nitric acid solution.     

膨润土-壳聚糖复合材料对罗丹明吸附行为的研究

以膨润土-壳聚糖复合材料为吸附剂,对模拟罗丹明B废水进行吸附行为研究,考察了壳聚糖负载量、pH值、吸附时间、罗丹明B初始浓度等因素对吸附效果的影响,并分析吸附等温线及吸附机理。结果表明,最佳壳聚糖负载量为0.005g/g,最佳pH值为6;随着吸附温度的升高,吸附量增加;在吸附过程中化学吸附占优势;对实验数据运用相关吸附等温线模型拟合,得出等温吸附平衡更符合Langmuir模型。