Classification and mapping forest sites using geographic information system (GIS): a case study in Artvin Province

The productivity of forest sites has been indirectly determined with solo wood production objective in forest management. Forest site productivity should, however, be determined directly in order to implement ecosystem based multipurpose forest management philosophy. This article tackles the problem in distinguishing and mapping forest sites using both direct method and indirect method in Genya Mountain located in central of Artvin State Forest Enterprise. About 112 sample plots were designed and distributed over the area. In each sample plot, soil samples were collected and the classical timber inventory measurements were taken. According to direct method, Soil Moisture Regime (SMR) method is preferred due to a water deficiency in the study area. Water holding capacity was used as an essential criterion for the classification of the forest site. Forest site classifications were assigned regarding the physiographic factors such as landform, aspect, and slope. Five different forest sites classes; dry, moderate fresh, fresh, humid and hygric were determined. According to direct method, the guiding curve was used to generate anamorphic site index (SI) equations and three site index classes; good (SI=I–II), medium (SI=III) and low (SI=IV–V) were determined. Some important differences between the methods were realized. The forest sites determined with site index estimation method indicate that site index I and II is 505.99 ha, III 1095.79 ha and IV and V 992.95 ha, whereas forest sites determined with direct method related to dry site of 937.58 ha, moderate fresh site of 931.90 ha, fresh site of 1,797.71 ha, humid site of 80.48 ha and hygric site of 356.55 ha. The forest site maps of both methods were created using GIS functions. The forest sites of open and degraded areas should be determined according to direct method.     

应用斑马鱼和凡纳对虾诊断污染场地污水的生物毒性

应用斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)和凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)对某废弃有机污染场地中有毒有机废弃物堆积产生的污水(1号塘污水)和场地及周边地表径流积水(2号塘污水)的生物毒性进行了试验.结果表明,1号塘污水对斑马鱼和凡纳对虾96 hLC50分别为46.2%和59.6%, 2号塘污水的毒性试验中两种试验生物的死亡率皆为0.化学检测表明,1号塘污水中的主要污染物为苯酚类和酞酸脂类物质,而2号塘污水中均未检出有机污染物.化学检测结果与毒性试验结果具有较好的相关性.     

A study on the effect of deoxynivalenol on serotonin receptor binding in fig brain membranes

Abstract

Central serotoninergic (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) pathways are believed to be involved in the mechanisms of anorexia and/or emesis evoked by the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). Using an in vitro membrane receptor binding assay, the competitive potency of DON was investigated against several radioactive ligands that have a high affinity for selective 5HT‐receptor subgroups. Receptor site densities and displacement profiles in twelve selected regions of pig brain were investigated. Overall, DON possessed only minimal efficacy to competently block any of the 5HT‐ligands tested. IC₅₀ values (50% inhibitory concentration) of at least 5 mM DON were required to inhibit binding, and in certain regions concentrations of 100 mM were ineffective. In comparison, several standard 5HT‐antagonists showed 10³‐10⁵ times greater capability than DON to displace binding of these ligands. Because these results indicated DON possesses only weak affinity for the 5HT‐receptor subtypes investigated here, this suggested that in vivo, unless relatively high concentrations of the toxin are present, its pharmacological effects may be mediated by mechanisms other than a functional interaction with serotoninergic receptors at the central level.     

中国污染场地分类管理程序与方法研究

借鉴发达国家对污染物场地的管理方法,探索了我国污染场地分类管理的程序:从疑似污染场地的申报建档、疑似污染场地的初步调查、场地的危害分级、污染场地的详细调查、污染场地风险评估,到污染场地的治理修复,以及贯穿场地管理始终的环境监测.在上述管理程序中还缺失危害分级的方法,其他步骤已有相关技术文件支持.本文进一步构建了其中场地危害分级的方法:即根据污染源是否存在,污染物的性质、赋存状态、迁移性、含量水平,周围是否有敏感目标及其类型,分成不同的危害级别和管理级别,并实施不同的管理措施.以江苏省八家氯丹、灭蚁灵生产企业场地为例,经初步调查和危害分级,将8个场地分为3类:B类场地(有1个场地)环境介质中无超标污染物检出,但场地上的有害废弃物需要处置;C类场地(包括3个场地)局部有超标污染物检出,但场地不具备详细调查采样和修复的条件,需要对污染区进行隔离处置,以降低人体健康风险;还有D类场地(包括4个场地)需要详细采样以确定污染范围并进行风险评估.根据最后一类4个场地进一步调查评估的结果,并考虑到场地实施修复的经费、技术可行性及场地相关利益方的意见,决定优先对其中1个场地实施修复治理.     

制订我国污染场地土壤风险筛选值的几点建议

近年来,我国大中城市陆续开展污染企业搬迁,环境管理上要求对搬迁场地进行商业开发前必须开展场地环境调查、风险评估和修复,客观上要求有一套场地环境评价标准和污染土壤修复标准.针对目前国内污染场地标准缺失及盲目引用国外相关筛选值出现的误区,分析了美国、荷兰和英国土壤筛选值差异的主要原因,为合理借鉴国外土壤筛选值及其制定方法学...     

Erosion Control at Construction Sites: The Science–Policy Gap

/ To test the effectiveness of Michigan's soil erosion control law, 30 construction sites were evaluated in the east-central part of the state. The analytical framework lumped nine best management practices (BMPs) most closely related to the law into three categories: slope stabilization, soil stabilization, and water management. All sites were in the land clearing or foundation/framing stage of construction and were evaluated within 2 days after a rainfall event. Only four of the sites performed above the mean of the scoring scale, with the categorical scoring of BMPs indicating the worst performance for slope stabilization measures. The poor results suggest a failure to integrate scientific knowledge of erosion control with policy. A fundamental problem is the lack of basic site data on soil, topography, and hydrology, resulting in the incorrect application of BMPs, such as staging, filter fences, and berms. The current institutional framework for soil erosion control also provides disincentives to mitigate local erosion problems.     

VOCs污染场地挖掘过程的环境健康风险评价

开展了在典型污染场地修复过程中VOCs散逸浓度检测实验,并且建立了3条暴露途径对修复过程进行健康风险评价.结果表明,单污染物多途径累计非致癌指数最高的是四氯化碳,高达8.86E+01,其对综合非致癌影响贡献率为74.45%.多污染物质同一暴露途径危害指数最高的是呼吸暴露途径:1.01E+02,占综合危害指数的84.87%,非致癌综合危害指数为1.19E+02.单污染物多途径累计致癌指数最高的是1,2-二氯乙烷:3.08E-02,其对综合致癌影响贡献率为69.53%.多污染物质同一暴露途径危害指数最高的是呼吸暴露途径:3.96E-02,占综合致癌指数的89.39%,总致癌危害指数达到4.43E-02.     

城市生活垃圾填埋场建设项目的环境监理探究

生活垃圾填埋场在施工期和运营期会产生废气、废水、噪声等环境污染,本研究结合监理行业现状和城市生活垃圾填埋场建设项目的特点,重点探讨了项目施工期和运营期环境监理的内容与方法。     

美国污染场地清理的风险评估简介及政策制定

本文主要介绍美国加州污染场地清理的风险评估的概念,方法,计算和风险管理.从而引进挥发性污染物室内入侵风险评估方法来制定污染场地清理标准.讨论如何运用数学模型计算土壤清理浓度和挥发性污染物室内入侵风险评估.在风险评估基础上,加州环保署水质管理局颁布了地下储油罐低风险结案政策.政策中的污染场地清理定量标准是由人体健康风险评估方法计算得出.最后,用一个具体的美国加州洛杉矶案例介绍风险评估方法是怎样运用在污染场地清理修复中,以回答污染场地修复的关键问题"多干净算干净".     

污染场地固化/稳定化修复的评价方法与标准

固化/稳定化技术是一项在欧美等国家的污染场地修复中广泛应用的技术.在分析固化/稳定化修复效果常用的浸出试验方法和物理评价方法以及相对应的评价标准的基础上,发现我国固化/稳定化修复效果的评价方法仅有少量振荡浸出试验的方法,还缺少动态浸出试验的评价方法;浸出毒性测试普遍采用硫酸硝酸法浸出评估,忽略了As、Cr(Ⅵ)等含氧阴离子在中性至弱碱性pH下溶解度达到最大的情况;固化/稳定化修复效果的评价标准则主要借鉴固废毒性鉴别与管理方法,但该方法未规定污染土壤资源化再利用时的评价依据;另外,污染土壤和固体废物的自身特性也有一定的差异.提出了基于我国国情的污染土壤固化/稳定化浸出测试和评价标准体系:当污染土壤固化/稳定化后采用卫生填埋或一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场处置时,可参考固体废物填埋处置时的评价方法与标准;当污染土壤固化/稳定化后原址填埋时,则应增加绕流浸出方法或穿透浸出试验方法,其评价标准可参考GB/T 14848—1993《地下水质量标准》或根据关注点浓度的要求进行风险评估推算确定;当污染土壤固化/稳定化后再利用时,需根据再利用的具体情景选择相应的评价方法与标准.