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761.
Coupling a 3D patch model and a rockfall module to assess rockfall protection in mountain forests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Woltjer M Rammer W Brauner M Seidl R Mohren GM Lexer MJ 《Journal of environmental management》2008,87(3):373-388
Many forests in the Alps are acknowledged for protecting objects, such as (rail) roads, against rockfall. However, there is a lack of knowledge on efficient silvicultural strategies and interventions to maintain these forests at optimal protection level. Therefore, assessment tools are required that quantify the rockfall protection effect of forest stands over time, and thereby provide the ability to evaluate the necessity and effect of management interventions. This paper introduces such a tool that consists of a 3D rockfall module embedded in the patch based forest simulator PICUS. The latter is extended for this study with a new regeneration module. In a series of experiments the new combined simulation tool is evaluated with regard to parameter sensitivity, model intercomparison experiments with recently proposed algorithms from the literature, and the ability to respond realistically to different management regimes in rockfall protection forests. Results confirm the potential of the new tool for realistic simulation of rockfall activity in heterogeneous mountain forests, but point at the urgent need to improve the knowledge base on the interaction of understory and rockfall activity. Further work will focus on model validation against empirical rockfall data, and include reduced tree vitality due to damage from boulder collisions as well as the explicit consideration of downed dead wood. 相似文献
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764.
回顾了地震观测技术发展的三个阶段及其特点。简要总结了随着这几个阶段的技术进步南京基准地震台观测技术的重要变革 ,并从记录地震事件数量、大地震速报作用和推动某些研究的深入等方面评估了由于这些技术进步所带来的地震台效能的提高。对目前地震观测技术从模拟观测向数字观测的转折时期 ,地震台如何尽快过渡 ,充分发挥效能提出了初步对策。 相似文献
765.
Interactions between water and land in The Netherlands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Netherlands are one of the most densely populated coastal countries in the world and there is only limited space for living,
working, transport and recreation, while there is also the need to preserve and expand valuable natural habitats. In order
to solve many existing and future conflicts of interest, and in order to create ‘added value’, strategies are developed to
optimize the use of water-land systems.
The principle of ‘building with nature’ is applied in order to integrate land in sea and water in land in such a way that
future generations will be able to use coastal resources in a sustainable way, including a minimal effort to maintain the
coastline and the promotion of a multiple-use system.
The concept of Integrated multifunctional sustainable coastal zone development is introduced. This concept deals with a balanced
approach to the lack of space for present and future coastal uses in relation to each other, to the hinterland, and to the
sea. Flexible master plans are developed, taking into account many functions of the coastal zone, and facilitating adaptation
to future developments—e.g. impacts of climate change and relative sea level rise. In this regard increasing the flexibility
of the coastal zone is of vital importance.
Large-scale coastal land reclamations in The Netherlands are dealt with, based on two different principles: (1) polder systems
(low lying land reclamations surrounded and protected by dikes), (2) systems of ‘building with nature’—land reclamation protected
by man-made foreshores, beaches and dunes. In the latter type new flexible dynamic-equilibrium coasts are created for many
functions, while coastal vulnerability is reduced and a flexible coast is developed. 相似文献
766.
H. T. Schreuder R. Czaplewski R. G. Bailey 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,56(3):269-291
A forest ecological inventory and monitoring system combining information derived from maps and samples is proposed based on ecosystem regions (Bailey, 1994). The system extends the design of the USDA Forest Service Region 6 Inventory and Monitoring System (R6IMS) in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The key uses of the information are briefly discussed and expected results are illustrated with examples. The system is flexible, allowing regions based on ecological considerations to be modified. Sampling intensities that are affordable are likely to be insufficient to provide meaningful estimates for key parameters relating to rare and endangered species, watersheds, and other ecological units. Methods are proposed for collecting additional information in follow-up surveys and combining it with relevant information obtained in R6IMS. Near-continuous information on weather and possible pollution variables recorded by instruments at sampling sites is needed to develop meaningful models to understand what is happening in the ecoregions. R6IMS and the proposed additions constitute a dynamic system which will be modified further as data are analyzed. 相似文献
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为得到地铁区间隧道竖井送风有效风量的无量纲计算模型,通过推导地铁区间隧道竖井送风有效风量的无量纲公式,并采用数值模拟方法明确竖井送风有效风量与火源功率、火源距离、阻塞比和竖井送风量之间的量化关系.结果表明:火源功率、火源距离与竖井送风有效风量之间不存在函数关系;阻塞比对竖井送风有效风量影响显著,随着阻塞比的增大,有效风... 相似文献
769.
基于CA-Markov模型的艾比湖流域平原区景观格局动态模拟预测 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用“3S”技术及CA-Markov模型,按照是否实施跨流域调水工程2种预案情况,以2005年为起始时刻,对新疆艾比湖流域平原区2020年景观格局进行模拟预测。结果显示:在调水工程未实施的情况下,2020年研究区的生态环境将进一步恶化,其突出表现为艾比湖湖泊水面将持续萎缩、裸露湖底盐漠面积进一步扩大,水资源短缺及生态环境恶化的结果将严重制约研究区社会经济的发展;在调水工程实施的情况下,2020年研究区内艾比湖湖泊水面将稳定增加至800 km^2以上、裸露湖底盐漠面积相应有所减少,生态环境恶化趋势得到改善,区域水资源短缺问题将有所缓解,可有效地促进研究区内社会经济的发展。 相似文献
770.
结构面对隧道围岩变形及稳定性起着决定性作用。运用三维离散元方法(3DEC)研究结构面分布特征,重点是结构面线密度1/λ、强度和倾角对隧道围岩变形的影响,总结了结构面分布与围岩变形特征的关系。结果表明,在结构面强度较低的情况下,结构面线密度对隧道变形的影响较大,其影响可分为两种情况:①λ≤0.2时,围岩的弯曲变形大于沿结构面的剪切变形,属于应力型大变形;②0.2<λ≤0.4时,沿结构面的剪切变形大于围岩的弯曲变形,属于结构型大变形。结构面倾角主要影响围岩大变形发生的位置。将数值模拟结果与国内工程实例实测变形资料相对比,发现一致性较好。本研究结果对隧道支护结构的设计以及施工设计具有借鉴意义与指导作用。 相似文献