Set-aside management: How do succession, sowing patterns and landscape context affect biodiversity?

European Union (EU) member states set aside between 5 and 15% of arable land during the last two decades, but abolition of the set-aside scheme in 2008 caused a sudden loss in habitat availability and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Management of set-aside has many facets and in this perspective paper we focus on the biodiversity effects of successional age, sowing strategies and landscape context. Young, 1-2-year-old set-asides have been initially considered to be too ephemeral to have any conservation value. However, when a rich seed and bud bank is available, a species-rich natural (secondary) succession can be observed. Arable (annual) weed communities in the first two years of succession can even include endangered plant species with associated rare insect consumers. Furthermore, many bird species benefit from early-successional habitats, whereas small mammal communities are richer in older habitats. If the local plant species pool is poor, sowings of diverse mixtures from regional seed collections can be recommended. Set-aside managers using species-rich sowings often experience that dominant weeds suppress the less competitive annual species. This trend to species-poor communities can be avoided by intraspecific aggregation of competitively weak species. Broadening the spatial scale from the plot to the landscape, efficiency of set-aside is highest in simple landscapes, where set-aside exhibits greatest effect in enhancement of biodiversity and associated services such as pollination and biological control. In complex landscapes, however, additional set-aside does not add much to the high level of biodiversity and ecological processes already present. Twenty percent of semi-natural, non-crop habitat appears to be a rough threshold for enhancing biodiversity and sustaining services such as pollination and biological control, but improved set-aside management should have the potential to reduce the percentage of semi-natural non-crop habitat needed. EU policy should tailor set-aside schemes for the maintenance of biodiversity and also consider that management efficiency is higher in simple than complex landscapes.     

SBR短程脱氮系统中亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷的影响

采用SBR工艺处理实际生活污水,通过控制好氧段的DO浓度及曝气时间,实现了短程硝化反硝化,并考察了短程硝化引起的亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷系统的影响.结果表明,在没有补充外碳源的情况下,好氧阶段NO2--N的积累低于10 mg·L-1时,聚磷菌的吸磷及放磷能力没有受到影响,好氧出水磷浓度基本维持在1 mg·L-1以下;当N...     

填料对新型曝气生物滤池污水处理效能试验研究

采用新型酶促厌氧填料、半软性填料、酶促好氧填料和PYC挂膜陶粒填料对两段错向流曝气生物滤池反应器进行污水处理试验研究,分析了4种填料对反应器污水处理效能的贡献并为反应器填料的选择提供科学依据.结果表明,以半软性填料和酶促好氧填料为组合填料的两段错向流曝气生物滤池反应器污水处理效能均优于其它填料.     

对油品仓储区大气中NMHC特征的监测分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用方法对油品仓储区大气中的非甲烷总烃(NMHC)进行分类定量测定,通过对仓储区内不同点位NMHC浓度的差异和各自日变化规律进行分析,可以认为烷烃和烯烃有较高的浓度水平,其中烯烃含量最高。文章还对油品仓储区域大气中NMHC的排放特征进行了探讨。     

玉米秸秆和玉米芯生物炭对水溶液中无机氮的吸附性能

为探明玉米秸秆和玉米芯生物炭对水溶液中无机氮的吸附性能,研究了其对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N的吸附动力学过程;并用等温吸附模型对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的吸附过程进行拟合,探讨制得生物炭对无机氮的吸附机理.结果表明,400℃和600℃制得玉米秸秆和玉米芯生物炭均呈碱性,表现为400℃ < 600℃;同种原材料,与400℃制得生物炭相比,600℃制得生物炭碱性含氧官能团数量较多,而酸性含氧官能团数量较少.400℃制得生物炭对NH₄⁺-N的吸附能力较强(玉米秸秆和玉米芯生物炭的平衡吸附量分别为4.22和4.09mg/g);而600℃制得生物炭对NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N的吸附能力较强(玉米秸秆和玉米芯生物炭对NO₃^--N的平衡吸附量分别为0.73和0.63mg/g;对NO₂^--N的平衡吸附量分别为0.55和0.35mg/g).与NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N相比,玉米秸秆和玉米芯生物炭对NH₄⁺-N的吸附能力更强,4种生物炭对NH₄⁺-N的平衡吸附量是NO₃^--N/NO₂^--N的4.29~20.2倍.等温吸附模型拟合研究表明,玉米秸秆和玉米芯生物炭对水溶液中NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的吸附过程均可用Freundlich模型描述,其在生物炭表面的吸附是多分子层吸附.     

沸石生物基材料促进污泥消化工艺研究

将活化沸石在厌氧状态下进行生物膜挂膜,制成沸石生物基材料并将其运用于城市剩余污泥消化中,研究沸石生物材料促进污泥厌氧消化的效果。结果表明:沸石生物基材料对污泥总固体量和挥发性固体都有较好的去除效果,去除率分别在50.4%～62.8%和56.8%～81.4%,其中粒径为200目的风干沸石生物基材料对污泥总固体减重率高达62.8%;对污泥上清液中氨氮和COD的去除效果明显且稳定,沸石生物基材料在风干状态下对污泥消化的促进效果更佳。     

阜阳城区水体浮游动物群落周年结构特征及其与水质的关系

于2011年3月到2012年2月逐月对阜阳城区几条主要河流：颍河（A）、泉河（B）、西城河（C）、东城河（D）、南城河（E）、西清河（F）、中清河（G）、东清河（H）及三角洲（I）水体进行设点采样,研究各水体浮游动物的结构特征及多样性水平,并分析了各水体浮游动物的生物量与相应水体主要水质指标的相关关系。结果表明：浮游动物密度在各水体一年中出现两个高峰,分别在4—5月和10月,生物量也有两个高峰,分别比相应密度高峰晚一个月左右;这些高峰与水质指标具有相伴关系;各水体浮游动物生物量与相应水体主要水质指标（CODCr,、BOD、DO、TP、NH。-N）具有显著的相关关系。因此,阜阳城区各水体浮游动物生物量与水体污染程度有一定关系,可根据浮游动物生物量来判别相应水体水质,但鉴于水生态环境的复杂性,在监测水质时,其它生物因子也应综合考虑。     

Incorporating behaviour into simple models of dispersal using the biological control agent Dicyphus hesperus

We explored the utility of incorporating easily measured, biologically realistic movement rules into simple models of dispersal. We depart from traditional random walk models by designing an individual-based simulation model where we decompose animal movement into three separate processes: emigration, between-patch movement, and immigration behaviour. These processes were quantified using experiments on the omnivorous insect Dicyphus hesperus moving through a tomato greenhouse. We compare the predictions of the individual-based model, along with a series of biased random walk models, against an independent experimental release of D. hesperus. We find that in this system, the short-term dispersal of these insects is described well by our individual-based model, but can also be described by a 2D grid-based biased random walk model when mortality is accounted for.     

Relating characteristics of global biodiversity targets to reported progress

To inform governmental discussions on the nature of a revised Strategic Plan for Biodiversity of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), we reviewed the relevant literature and assessed the framing of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets in the current strategic plan. We asked international experts from nongovernmental organizations, academia, government agencies, international organizations, research institutes, and the CBD to score the Aichi Targets and their constituent elements against a set of specific, measurable, ambitious, realistic, unambiguous, scalable, and comprehensive criteria (SMART based, excluding time bound because all targets are bound to 2015 or 2020). We then investigated the relationship between these expert scores and reported progress toward the target elements by using the findings from 2 global progress assessments (Global Biodiversity Outlook and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). We analyzed the data with ordinal logistic regressions. We found significant positive relationships (p < 0.05) between progress and the extent to which the target elements were perceived to be measurable, realistic, unambiguous, and scalable. There was some evidence of a relationship between progress and specificity of the target elements, but no relationship between progress and ambition. We are the first to show associations between progress and the extent to which the Aichi Targets meet certain SMART criteria. As negotiations around the post-2020 biodiversity framework proceed, decision makers should strive to ensure that new or revised targets are effectively structured and clearly worded to allow the translation of targets into actionable policies that can be successfully implemented nationally, regionally, and globally.